1. Thucydides - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia thucydides (c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC) (Greek , Thoukudíd s) was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides

Thucydides From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For the homonymous Athenian politician, see Thucydides (politician) Bust of Thucydides residing in the Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Thucydides (c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC Greek Thoukud­dēs ) was an ancient Greek historian , and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War , which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC . Thucydides has been regarded as the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of gathering evidence and his analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods. He has also been considered the father of the school of political realism, which views the relations between nations as based on might rather than right. His classic text is still studied at advanced military colleges worldwide. More generally, he shows an interest in developing an understanding of human nature to explain human behavior in such crises as plague and civil war. Other scholars lay greater emphasis on the History ’s elaborate literary artistry and the powerful rhetoric of its speeches and insist that its author exploited non-"scientific" literary genres no less than newer, rationalistic modes of explanation.

2. Thucydides thucydides, an Athenian aristocrat, was probably in his late twenties at the time the War began; he realized its importance from the start and began to plan http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/THUCY.HTM

The growth of the Athenian Empire and the power accruing to Athens aroused the fears of Sparta and other mainland states, especially Corinth, whose trade interests seemed to be threatened by Athens's control of the sea and so many of the islands and ports of the Aegean Sea. The Greek world split into two blocks of states, Athens and her Empire on one side, Sparta and her allies on the other. Both sides expected war, and it broke out in 431 over incidents in Corcyra and Potidaea (in northern Greece). Known as the Peloponnesian War , the conflict lasted (off and on) until 404, when Athens was defeated. Thucydides , an Athenian aristocrat, was probably in his late twenties at the time the War began; he realized its importance from the start and began to plan to write its history. In 424 he was elected one of the Athenian generals, and for failing to prevent the loss of an important city to the Spartans was exiled from Athens. He spent the rest of the War collecting evidence and talking with participants in the various actions. Herodotus, writing a few decades earlier than Thucydides, recorded almost all he heard, whether he believed it himself or not. Thucydides stands at the other pole; he gathers all available evidence, decides what he thinks is the truth, then shapes his presentation to emphasize that truth. We see everything through his eyes, and his views on the forces which shape human events emerge on every page. Thucydides begins his history by explaining why he thinks that this War is the greatest in which the Greeks were ever involved, even greater than the Trojan War and the Persian Wars. He then explains the principles upon which he evaluates evidence; his basic perspective is that human nature is the basic cause of historical events (Thucydides attributes no historical event to either the gods or to fate). He declares that his

3. The Internet Classics Archive | The History Of The Peloponnesian War By Thucydid The History of the Peloponnesian War by thucydides, part of the Internet Classics Archive. By thucydides Written 431 B.C.E Translated by Richard Crawley http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help The History of the Peloponnesian War By Thucydides Written 431 B.C.E Translated by Richard Crawley The History of the Peloponnesian War has been divided into the following sections: The First Book The Second Book The Third Book The Fourth Book ... The Eighth Book Commentary: Quite a few comments have been posted about The History of the Peloponnesian War Read them or add your own Reader Recommendations: Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work, list recommended Web sites , or visit a random recommended Web site Download: A 1153k text-only version is available for download

4. Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Thucydides thucydides Athenian historian. Materials for his biography are scanty, and the facts are of interest chiefly as aids to the appreciation of his life s http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-thucydides.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Thucydides THUCYDIDES Athenian historian. Materials for his biography are scanty, and the facts are of interest chiefly as aids to the appreciation of his life's labour, the History of the Peloponnesian War. The older view that he was probably born in or about 471 B.C., is based on a passage of Aulus Gellius, who says that in 431 Hellanicus "seems to have been" sixtyfive years of age, Herodotus fiftythree and Thucydides forty (Noct. att. xv. 23). The authority for this statement was Pamphila, a woman of Greek extraction, who compiled biographical and historical notices in the reign of Nero. The value of her testimony is, however, negligible, and modern criticism inclines to a later date, about 460 (see Busolt, Gr. Gesch. The development of Athens during the middle of the 5th century was, in itself, the best education which such a mind as that of Thucydides could have received. The expansion and consolidation of Athenian power was completed, and the inner esources of the city were being applied to the CIMON; PERICLES). Yet the History It would be a hasty judgment which inferred from the omissions of the History that its author's interests were exclusively political. Thucydides was not writing the history of a period. His subject was an event-the Peloponnesian War-a war, as he believed, of unequalled importance, alike in its direct results and in its political significance for all time. To his task, thus defined, he brought an intense concentration of all his faculties. He worked with a constant desire to make each successive incident of the war as clear literature more graphic than his description of the plague at Athens, or than the whole narrative of the Sicilian expedition. But the same temper made himresolute in excluding irrelevant topics. The social life of the time, the literature and the art did not belong to his subject.

5. Thucydides - Crystalinks thucydides (between 460 and 455 BC circa 400 BC, was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the http://www.crystalinks.com/thucydides.html

Thucydides Thucydides (between 460 and 455 BC- circa 400 BC, was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens. This work is widely regarded a classic, and represents the first work of its kind. Life Almost everything we know about the life of Thucydides comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides' father was Olorus, a name connected with Thrace and Thracian royalty. He was a man of influence and wealth. He owned gold mines at Scapte Hyle, a district of Thrace on the Thracian coast opposite the island of Thasos. Thucydides, born in Alimos, was connected through family to the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades, and his son Cimon, leaders of the old aristocracy supplanted by the Radical Democrats. Thucydides lived between his two homes, in Athens and in Thrace. His family connections brought him into contact with the very men who were shaping the history he wrote about. He was probably in his twenties when the Peloponnesian War began in 431 BC. He contracted the plague4 that ravaged Athens between 430 and 427 BC, killing Pericles, in 429 BC, along with thousands of other Athenians.

6. Thucydides thucydides himself was an Athenian and achieved the rank of general in the earlier stages of the war. He applied thereafter a passion for accuracy and a http://www.thucydides.co.uk/

Thucydides Written 400 years before the birth of Christ, The History of the Peloponnesian War is a detailed contemporary account of the long life-and-death struggle between Athens and Sparta Thucydides himself was an Athenian and achieved the rank of general in the earlier stages of the war. He applied thereafter a passion for accuracy and a contempt for myth and romance in compiling this factual record of a disastrous conflict. Read it online The History of the Peloponnesian War Books you might enjoy Site design and hosting:

7. Short Bibliography On Thucydides Classen (180591) did two or more editions of each volume of his eight-volume commentary on thucydides. Steup (1847-1925) did a new edition of each volume; http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edmunds/thuc.html

Short Bibliography on Thucydides Lowell Edmunds Return to Rutgers Classics Home Page This bibliography includes neither dissertations nor translations. For the most part, it lists books, not articles. The next-to-last section (Interpretation), listing books published in the last twenty years or so, does not include studies of two or more ancient historians of whom Thucydides is one. For more complete bibliographies, see the final section, Bibliographies. I would be most grateful for corrections and suggestions, which can be sent to lowedmunds@gmail.com. nformation. Feb. 1999. Thanks to Pamela Schmidt for several corrections and additions The headings are: Editions Scholia Commentaries Text ... Bibliography Editions Alberti, G. B., ed. Thucydidis Historiae. Roma: Istituto Polygraphico dello Stato. Vol. 1 (Books 1-2) 1972. Vol. 2 (Books 3-5) 1992. Vol. 3 (Books 6-8) 2000. de Romilly, Jacqueline, Raymond Weil, and Louis Bodin. 6 Vols. Vol. 1. Book 1 . de Romilly. 1958. Vol. 2. Book 2. de Romilly. 1962. Vol. 3. Book 3. Weil, with de Romilly. 1967. Vol. 4. Books 4-5. de Romilly. 1967.

8. Thucydides, Univ. Of Saskatchewan thucydides, son of Olorus, FN 2 was born c. 460455 B.C. and was most likely a relative of Cimon. His family was wealthy and influential, owning a series http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/ThucNotes.html

To Home Page To Course Notes Menu Thucydides by John Porter, University of Saskatchewan Notice: Links relating to Thucydides in the following account are to select passages translated by John Porter and Lewis Stiles. General Introduction Thucydides and the medical writers Introduction to Select Passages of Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War Introduction: Book 1.1-23 ... Civil War in Corcyra: Book 3.82-83 Suggested Background Reading World of Athens, H.I. 33-61; 1.31-37; 7.34 (Optional: C. G. Starr, A History of the Ancient World, pp. 319-356) See, as well, s.v. "Thucydides" in the on-line Perseus Project's encyclopedia. Items to note: *Pericles, *Archidamus, FN 1 the plague, *Cleon, *Mytilene, *Corcyra (Kerkyra), *Pylos, *Brasidas, *Nicias, *Alcibiades, *Melos, *Sicilian Expedition, *The Four Hundred (oligarchic coup in 411), *Lysander, *Aegospotami, *The Thirty General Introduction Thucydides, son of Olorus, [ FN 2 ] was born c. 460-455 B.C. and was most likely a relative of Cimon. His family was wealthy and influential, owning a series of mines in Thrace; as a result, Thucydides was placed in charge of the Athenian fleet in the northern Aegean in the mid-420s, where, in 424, he failed to come to the aid of Amphipolis in time to defend it from the attack of *Brasidas The World of Athens

9. Thucydides (Greek Historian) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on thucydides greatest of ancient Greek historians and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072310/Thucydides

document.writeln(''); document.writeln('Initializing application...'); Username Password Remember me Forgot your password? Browse Shop Log In Search Site: Thucydides Greek historian Main born 460 BC , or earlier? died after 404, BC greatest of ancient Greek historians and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War which recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century BC Citations MLA Style: Thucydides http://www.britannica.com/bps/topic/594236/Thucydides APA Style: Thucydides . (2008). In http://www.britannica.com/bps/topic/594236/Thucydides Thucydides Link to this article and share the full text with the readers of your Web site or blog-post. If you think a reference to this article on "Thucydides" will enhance your Web site, blog-post, or any other web-content, then feel free to link to this article, and your readers will gain full access to the full article, even if they do not subscribe to our service. You may want to use the HTML code fragment provided below. Table of Contents Main Life.

10. Great Books Index - Thucydides Includes articles and notes about thucydides and his history, by Thomas Hobbes, F.M. Cornford, John M. Finley, and Gregory Crane. http://books.mirror.org/gb.thucydides.html

GREAT BOOKS INDEX Thucydides (about 471about 400 BC) An Index to Online Great Books in English Translation AUTHORS/HOME TITLES ABOUT GB INDEX BOOK LINKS The History of Thucydides Peloponnesian War Articles History of the Peloponnesian War (423403 BC) HTML edition in one document (Classics Archive) HTML edition in small sections (Perseus, Tufts) Translated by Richard Crawley. Greek text also available. [Back to Top of Page] Links to Information About Thucydides Biography of Thucydides (Perseus, Tufts) Includes several book references. Sources for Thucydides Research (Perseus) Includes articles and notes about Thucydides and his history, by Thomas Hobbes, F.M. Cornford, John M. Finley, and Gregory Crane. The Thucydides Syndrome: Ebola Deja Vu? (CDC-EID) Letter to the editor of "Emerging Infectious Diseases" suggesting that the Athenian plague described by Thucydides may have been an early outbreak of Ebola virus. [Back to Top of Page] GREAT BOOKS INDEX MENU Great Books Index Home Page and Author List List of All Works by Author and Title [90KB] About the Great Books Index Links to Other Great Books and Literature Sites ... Literary Cryptograms Support for the Great Books Index web pages is provided by Ken Roberts Computer Consultants Inc URL: http://books.mirror.org/gb.thucydides.html

11. Cornford, TM, TOC thucydides first Book does not provide either Athens or Sparta with a thucydides states only official policies; perhaps this poticy was unofficial. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Thucydides/Cornford/CTOC.html

Francis M. Cornford, Thucydides Mythistoricus Click to read. Table of Contents [[xiii]] CONTENTS PREFACE PART I: THUCYDIDES HISTORICUS I. THE CAUSES OF THE WAR Thucydides' first Book does not provide either Athens or Sparta with a sufficient motive for fighting. The current views that the war was (1) promoted by Pericles from personal motives; (2) racial; (3) political, are inadequate. Thucydides' own view that the Spartans were forced into war is true. Their reluctance explained. But Pericles also had no reason to desire war. Thucydides states only official policies; perhaps this poticy was unofficial. II. THE ATHENIAN PARTIES BEFORE THE WAR What party at Athens made the war? The country population was a negligible factor in politics before the war. The large and growing commercial population in the Piraeus, who regarded the naval supremacy of Athens as a means of controlling trade, furnished the bulk of Pericles' majority in his last years, and became strong enough to dictate his policy. III. THE MEGARIAN DECREES All non-Thucydidean accounts of the outbreak of war make the negotiations turn solely on the Megarian decrees. Thucydides records none of these three decrees and keeps Megarian affairs in the background, suppressing Pericles' connection with them. The coercion of Megara was the first step in the unofficial policy forced on Pericles by his commercial supporters; the object being to establish a trade-route from the Piraeus to the West across the Megarid from Nisaea to Pegae, and so to cut out Corinth. The earlier Peloponnesian War offers a parallel: the Egyptian Expedition analogous to the Sicilian, which was from the first part of the commercial party's plan.

12. Malaspina.com - Thucydides As Science Essay by Russell McNeil concerning thucydides contribution to social science. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/lec18b.htm

SUBJECT: Thucydides as Science

13. Thucydides, Book 1 thucydides, as he himself tells us, was an Athenian and lived during the period of the Peloponnesian War, though, from the unfinished state of his work, http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/thucydi1.html

THUCYDIDES HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR translated by Richard Crawley Introductory Note Thucydides, as he himself tells us, was an Athenian and lived during the period of the Peloponnesian War, though, from the unfinished state of his work, he probably died before it came to an end. Believing in the early stages of the war that it would be one of the most important wars in Greek history, he collected his materials and began the early drafts of his history soon after the war began. The first book is his study of events leading to the war and represents the earliest surviving account of the building of the Athenian empire. The subsequent books narrate the course of the war itself. The electronic text version of this translation comes from the Eris Project at Virginia Tech, which has made it available for public use. The hypertext version presented here has been designed for students of Ancient History at the University of Calgary. I have added the section numbers (to facilitate specific citation or to find a specific passage from a citation; these are displayed in red , if your browser is capable of understanding later versions of HTML) and the internal links (to allow navigation); editions of the Greek texts have further subdivisions, but these have not been added at this point. The division into chapters and the descriptions of their contents is the work of Crawley; I have adopted these as the divisions for the internal links, since the number of sections is rather large. To compensate, I have listed the sections included in each chapter alongside the links to the chapters; this should eliminate the need for excessive scrolling of text to find specific sections. Crawley's paragraphs have been adopted here, with very little modification. Another HTML version, with no numeration, but with each chapter as an individual document if you prefer this, is available at the

14. Thucydides Peloponesian War 431 BC HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR by thucydides translated by Richard Crawley The First Book. CHAPTER I. The State of Greece from the earliest Times http://history.eserver.org/peloponesian-war.txt

15. THUCYDIDES AT PEITHÔ S WEB Gilbert Murray s essay on thucydides from A History of Ancient Greek Literature. Jowett compares the plague of thucydides with other accounts of great http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw//thucydides/index.htm

Thucydides Home Crawley (Perseus) Greek (Perseus) Thucydides: The Jowett Translation Includes Jowett's footnotes and red section links to the Perseus Project. Letter on Thucydides' Style By Dionysius of Halicarnassus, translated by W. Rhys Roberts. R.C. Jebb's Tables of Speeches in Thucydides With links to translations of the speeches by Jowett. Gilbert Murray on Thucydides Gilbert Murray's essay on Thucydides from A History of Ancient Greek Literature The Plague Jowett compares the plague of Thucydides with other accounts of great plagues in history Special thanks to the good people at Hellenic-art.com for graciously permitting images of their ancient art and replicas of armor and weapons to appear in our Thucydides pages. The tiled background image comes from the the Architectural Ornament collection created by the Architectural Engineering Graduate Students Association of The Pennsylvania State University.

16. Thucydides' Peloponnesian War Learn about thucydides Peloponnesian War using this exceptional online study guide with links to multiple resources on CTCWeb. http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/netshots/thucydes.htm

Table of Contents Introduction to Greek Tragedy The Peloponnesian War Genre - History What we refer to as myth or legend was considered historical fact by most Greeks down into and even beyond the fifth century B.C. For example, the Homeric poems were taken seriously as an historical record of the past. Indeed, as modern archaeology has shown, there is a kernel of historical truth in the Iliad that is, a war did take place at the site of Troy in approximately the same period as was assigned to it by legend. Nevertheless, it is clear that the overall account of the Trojan war in the Iliad is the result of imaginative embellishment of a story told again and again by generations of poets. It was not until more than two centuries after the composition of the Homeric poems that a more scientific form of history developed. Rational analysis, which had begun in Ionia with the Milesian philosophers with reference to the universe, gradually extended to include the recording of human events. Historie , the Greek word from which our word "history" is derived, means 'inquiry' and indicates the nature of this new way of dealing with the past. The recording of human events is no longer the uncritical retelling of traditional myths and legends, but an account which is the result of critical evaluation applied to what the author himself and others have seen and heard.

17. Thucydides And His Predecessors thucydides response to his literary predecessors has been explored with some frequency in recent years. Several articles have appeared even since Simon http://www.dur.ac.uk/Classics/histos/1998/rood.html

Thucydides and his Predecessors Tim Rood (The Queen's College, Oxford) Thucydides' response to his literary predecessors has been explored with some frequency in recent years. Several articles have appeared even since Simon Hornblower recently wrote that 'two areas needing more work are Thucydides' detailed intertextual relation to Homer and to Herodotus'. In these discussions, Thucydides tends to be seen as inheriting a wide range of specific narrative techniques from Homer, and as alluding to particular passages in epic through the use of epic terms and through the broader structuring of his story. It has also been stressed that Thucydides' relationship with Homer should be studied in the light of the pervasive Homeric charge found in the work of Herodotus, the greatest historian before Thucydides. Nor is Thucydides' debt to Herodotus merely a matter of his taking over Herodotus' Homeric features: it is seen, for instance, in his modelling of his Sicilian narrative after Herodotus' account of the Persian Wars, and in his assuming knowledge of events described by Herodotus.

18. Letters Sometimes termed “the thucydides syndrome” for the evocative narrative provided During the plague of Athens, thucydides may have made the same unusual http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no2/olson.htm

Emerging Infectious Diseases * Volume 2 * Number 2 April-June 1996 Letters The Thucydides Syndrome: Ebola Déjà Vu? (or Ebola Reemergent?) Download Article To the Editor The plague of Athens (430-427/425 B.C.) persists as one of the great medical mysteries of antiquity , the plague of Athens has been the subject of conjecture for centuries. In an unprecedented, devastating 3-year appearance, the disease marked the end of the Age of Pericles in Athens and, as much as the war with Sparta, it may have hastened the end of the Golden Age of Greece By comparison, a modern case definition of Ebola virus infection notes sudden onset, fever, headache, and pharyngitis, followed by cough, vomiting, diarrhea, maculopapular rash, and hemorrhagic diathesis, with a case-fatality rate of 50% to 90%, death typically occurring in the second week of the disease. Disease among health-care providers and care givers has been a prominent feature . In a review of the 1995 Ebola outbreak in Zaire, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the most frequent initial symptoms were fever (94%), diarrhea (80%), and severe weakness (74%), with dysphagia and clinical signs of bleeding also frequently present. Symptomatic hiccups was also reported in 15% of patients During the plague of Athens, Thucydides may have made the same unusual clinical observation. The phrase

19. The Melian Dialogue by thucydides. CHAPTER XVII. Sixteenth Year of the War The Melian Conference - Fate of Melos. THE next summer Alcibiades sailed with twenty ships to Argos http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm

431 BC HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR by Thucydides CHAPTER XVII. Sixteenth Year of the War - The Melian Conference - Fate of Melos Athenians . Since the negotiations are not to go on before the people, in order that we may not be able to speak straight on without interruption, and deceive the ears of the multitude by seductive arguments which would pass without refutation (for we know that this is the meaning of our being brought before the few), what if you who sit there were to pursue a method more cautious still? Make no set speech yourselves, but take us up at whatever you do not like, and settle that before going any farther. And first tell us if this proposition of ours suits you. The Melian commissioners answered: Melians . To the fairness of quietly instructing each other as you propose there is nothing to object; but your military preparations are too far advanced to agree with what you say, as we see you are come to be judges in your own cause, and that all we can reasonably expect from this negotiation is war, if we prove to have right on our side and refuse to submit, and in the contrary case, slavery. Athenians . If you have met to reason about presentiments of the future, or for anything else than to consult for the safety of your state upon the facts that you see before you, we will give over; otherwise we will go on.

20. Thucydides www.stoa.org/diobin/diobib?thucydides - Similar pages short bibliography on thucydidesShort Bibliography on thucydides. by Lowell Edmunds has moved to http//www-rci.rutgers.edu/~edmunds/thuc.html. http://www.stoa.org/dio-bin/diobib?Thucydides

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