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         Calligraphy:     more books (102)
  1. Learn Calligraphy: The Complete Book of Lettering and Design by Margaret Shepherd, 2001-02-20
  2. Calligraphy: A Course in Hand Lettering by Maryanne Grebenstein, 2006-09-01
  3. Calligraphy for Kids by Eleanor Winters, 2007-03-01
  4. Calligraphy Alphabets Made Easy (Perigee) by Margaret Shepherd, 1986-07-25
  5. Lettering & Calligraphy Workbook by Diagram Group, 2006-08-28
  6. Mastering Copperplate Calligraphy, a Step-by-Step Manual by Eleanor Winters, 2000-05-08
  7. Chinese Calligraphy Made Easy: A Structured Course in Creating Beautiful Brush Lettering by Rebecca Yue, 2005-04-01
  8. The Bible of Illuminated Letters: A Treasury of Decorative Calligraphy (Quarto Book) by Margaret Morgan, 2006-01-27
  9. Calligraphy For Dummies by Jim Bennett, 2007-05-07
  10. Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique by Marc Drogin, 1989-11-01
  11. Art of Calligraphy by David Harris, 2005-06-20
  12. Left-Handed Calligraphy by Vance Studley, 1991-05-01
  13. Zen Brushwork: Focusing the Mind with Calligraphy and Painting by Tanchu Terayama, 2004-01-09
  14. Calligraphy Alphabets for Beginners: The Easy Way to Learn Lettering and Illumination Techniques by Mary Noble, Janet Mehigan, 2008-08-15

1. Calligraphy - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner (Mediavilla 1996
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy
Calligraphy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation search Contemporary Western Calligraphy. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ
Contents
edit East Asian calligraphy
Jiǎgǔw©n JÄ«nw©n D zhu n Xiǎozhu n L¬shÅ« KǎishÅ« (t) KǎishÅ« (s) X­ngshÅ« CǎoshÅ«
Source
Chinese calligraphy written by Song Dynasty (A.D. 1051-1108) poet Mi Fu . For centuries, the Chinese literati were expected to master the art of calligraphy.
Main article: East Asian calligraphy
edit Names and features
Asian calligraphy typically uses ink brushes to write Chinese characters (called Hanzi in Chinese Hanja in Korean Kanji in Japanese , and H¡n Tá»± in Vietnamese ). Calligraphy (in Chinese, Shufa 書法, in Korean Seoye 書藝, in Japanese Shodō , all meaning "the way of writing") is considered an important art in East Asia and the most refined form of East Asian painting Calligraphy has also influenced ink and wash painting , which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia , including sumi-e , a style of Chinese Korean , and Japanese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

2. Calligraphy For Everyone!"Calligraphy, Lessons, Books, Tips, Etc."
calligraphy means beautiful writing. calligraphy is fun. calligraphy is an art. calligraphy is a hobby. This site is dedicated to helping people learn and
http://www.studioarts.net/calligraphy/
For Everyone!
with Jim Bennett B.F.A., M.F.A.
Last updated: March, 2007
This site has received the following Awards:
msg = " - Welcome to my calligraphy web site. Come right in! There is a multitude of things for you to see. Please take a look around. There's a free lesson and a book nook (and you can even order calligraphy books through this site!) Also, there's a Tip o' the Day feature with a new tip for each day of the month. Please check it out! New things are being added to this site all the time; so do come back and visit often!" width = 50 banner(msg,width) Calligraphy means"beautiful writing." Calligraphy can be both a delight to the eye and an inspiration to the spirit. In our technological age, the appreciation for the art of calligraphy has grown incredibly. Calligraphy is a fun hobby, a great business, and a creative art.
This web site is dedicated to helping people learn calligraphy.

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alligraphy is an art that just about anyone can do. All you need is a pen and paper, and you're ready to do calligraphy! Indeed, it requires very few materials - you don't need very much space - and, since you can probably write anyway, you already know the basics! Calligraphy is an art form in which patience and attention to detail are more important than artistic talent. That means you don't have to be an "artist" to be good at calligraphy!

3. Calligraphy
Harder The word calligraphy literally means beautiful writing. Before the invention of the printing press some 500 years ago, it was the way books were
http://42explore.com/calligrphy.htm
The Topic:
Calligraphy
Easier - Calligraphy is the art of making beautiful or elegant handwriting. It is a fine art of skilled penmanship. Harder - The word calligraphy literally means beautiful writing. Before the invention of the printing press some 500 years ago, it was the way books were made. Each copy was handwritten out by a scribe working in a scriptorium. The hand writing was done with quill and ink onto materials like vellum or parchment. The lettering style applied was one of the period bookhands like rustic, carolingian, blackletter, etc. Today, there are three main types or styles of calligraphy: (1) Western or Roman, (2) Arabic, and (3) Chinese or Oriental. This project focuses mainly on Western calligraphy with a glimpse at the other two styles. Calligraphy, Lettering and Typeface Design

4. Calligraphy
Brush calligraphy is an art unique to Asian cultures. Shu (calligraphy), Hua (painting), Qin (a string musical instrument), and Qi (a strategic boardgame)
http://www.asiawind.com/art/callig/Default.htm
Introduction
Chinese calligraphy Brush calligraphy) is an art unique to Asian cultures. Shu (calligraphy), Hua (painting), Qin (a string musical instrument), and Qi (a strategic boardgame) are the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literati.
Regarded as the most abstract and sublime form of art in Chinese culture, "Shu Fa" (calligraphy) is often thought to be most revealing of one's personality. During the imperial era, calligraphy was used as an important criterion for selection of executives to the Imperial court. Unlike other visual art techniques, all calligraphy strokes are permanent and incorrigible, demanding careful planning and confident execution. Such are the skills required for an administrator / executive. While one has to conform to the defined structure of words, the expression can be extremely creative. To exercise humanistic imagination and touch under the faceless laws and regulations is also a virtue well appreciated.
By controlling the concentration of ink, the thickness and adsorptivity of the paper, and the flexibility of the brush, the artist is free to produce an infinite variety of styles and forms. In contrast to western calligraphy, diffusing ink blots and dry brush strokes are viewed as a natural impromptu expression rather than a fault. While western calligraphy often pursue font-like uniformity, homogeneity of characters in one size is only a craft. To the artist, calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and the body to choose the best styling in expressing the content of the passage. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise indeed for one's physical and spiritual well being. Historically, many calligraphy artists were well-known for their longevity.

5. Appreciation Of Chinese Calligraphy
Introduction to appreciation of Chinese calligraphy, showing various styles of writing a single Chinese word.
http://www.chinapage.org/calligraphy.html
Appreciation of
The Art of Chinese Calligraphy
Go to Calligraphy's Home Page Calligraphy is an art dating back to the earliest day of history, and widely practiced throughout China to this day. Although it uses Chinese words as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know Chinese to appreciate its beauty. Because in essence, Calligraphy is an abstract art. While viewing a Western abstract painting, one does not ask, "What is it?" When viewing Chinese calligraphy, one need not ask, "What is the Chinese word?"
In this page, we selected single words from the works of many master calligraphers from the past to illustrate the astounding beauty of the art. Like all art, it is best to simply look at them for enjoyment. Do not be sidetracked with questions of theory, technique, etc. Do not worry about "What is it?"
Beside each work, a very short comment is given to describe its "style", based on the classical book of Tu Meng. Tu Meng of the Tang dynasty (618-905) developed 120 expressions to describe different styles of calligraphy and establish criteria for them. The first 15 from his list, with explanations and English interpretations by Chiang Yee:
  • ability, mysterious, careful, carefree, balance
  • 6. Calligraphy Main
    The European term calligraphy means beautiful writing, and reflects an interest in ornamenting words on the page; most European calligraphy is highly
    http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/callig/callmain.htm
    In China, the style in which an individual writes has long been believed to communicate something essential about his or her personality, intellect, and abilities. Even today it is a common presumption that one can "read" the identity of the person through his or her handwriting. Young man practicing calligraphy source The European term calligraphy means "beautiful writing," and reflects an interest in ornamenting words on the page; most European calligraphy is highly stylized, regular, and decorated with flourishes, which in themselves are lacking in personal expression. Calligraphy in the West was always considered a minor art and tended to curb spontaneity, producing fairly static forms. In China, however, this was far from the case; the most widely practiced writing styles favored spontaneity, and the brush was thought to act like a seismograph in recording the movements of arm, wrist, and hand. East Asian calligraphy was established as a "high art" form well before the Tang dynasty. It has continuously enjoyed a high status among the arts ever since, and is practiced today by many people, including every school-aged child. This unit will cover calligraphy in China up through the Tang dynasty, with an emphasis on the Six Dynasties and Tang. It was during this period that calligraphy first began to flourish as an art form. By the Later Han, the basic script types had been created, and no new types developed after this time. The first writings to evaluate calligraphic style also date from this period. These texts reveal a notable shift toward seeing an expressive quality in writing that went beyond the mere ability to communicate meaning.

    7. Japanese Calligraphy
    Short, illustrated introduction the required tools and the three styles of character formation.
    http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2095.html
    Travel Living Japan A-Z Forum ... Sign in for a personalized experience. Don't have an account yet? Sign up now Korean
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    Matsuya see results Other Surveys: Purpose of visit Most popular region Have you recently entered Japan? japan-guide.com newsletter Keeping you up to date on Japan travel and living related issues and site updates. Click here to subscribe! japan-guide.com forum Any questions? Ask them on the question forum Sponsored Listings Japan - Order FREE Brochure! About vacation plans and specialty travel. Tour Packages Guided and individual tour plans. Car Rental The cheapest rates in Japan! Home Arts and Crafts Calligraphy basic information Calligraphy (shodo: "the way of writing") is the art of writing beautifully. Most children learn calligraphy in elementary school . It is a popular hobby among adults, too.

    8. Cynscribe Calligraphy Directory-index
    Large directory of links related to calligraphy, typography, handwriting, penmanship and other related topics, listed by category.
    http://www.cynscribe.com/

    Zapfino Type -Hermann Zapf

    Current 2007

    Calligraphy Events
    Cynscribe Directory is a resource for calligraphers,lettering artists, papermakers, typographers,
    graphic designers, paper decorators, scrapbookers,
    rubberstampers,greeting card makers,book designers and artist bookmakers.
    libraries, museums, and schools

    Foundations of Calligraphy:
    Sheila Waters 2006
    Brown,Denis/Ireland/CD Rom QuillSkill

    The Technique of Raised Gilding $24.95
    by Jerry Tresser http://www.jtresser.com/book.html
    GOLD SIZE (GILDING ADHESIVE) $ 6.00/2 OZ BOTTLE Johannes A. Muess: THE BEAUTIFUL ALPHABET Lettering designs based on the Roman Model A Arabic Calligraphy Argentina Calligraphy Art Resources Articles on calligraphy ... Austria Calligraphy B Belgium Calligraphy Book Arts Bookbinding Brezil-Bresil Calligraphy C Calligraphy Blogs Calligraphy Sites Calligraphy Framed prints Calligraphy tips ... Cynthia's page D Denmark calligraphy Dutch/Holland calligraphy E Eire/Ireland Calligraphy Guilds Europe Calligraphy Exhibitions F Findland calligraphy Fonts France/French calligraphy G Genealogy German calligraphy Gifts Gold Leaf ... Greeting Cards H Handwriting Hebrew Calligraphy Heraldry Hieroglyphics ... History of Writing I India calligraphy Invitations Ireland-Eire Calligraphers Italian calligraphy J Japanese Calligraphy Journals (Magazines) Judaica K Korean calligraphy Ketubah/Ketubot L Left-handness Lettering Artists Links (more...)

    9. IAAO -- Arabic Calligraphy
    Thie Web presentation explains in detail the historical and cultural significance of Arabic calligraphy. Very rich with information illustrated with
    http://www.islamicart.com/main/calligraphy/index.html
    Last updated: Friday August 22, 2003
    Articles Introduction Origins of calligraphy Reform of Arabic writing Noble calligraphers ... Alif as unit of proportion Presentations Unique calligraphic works Major calligraphic styles Calligraphic collection ServerTune.com

    10. Arabic Calligraphy
    Decorative writing – calligraphy – is one of the highest art forms of the Arab world. This is partly because strict Muslims disapprove of art which
    http://www.al-bab.com/arab/visual/calligraphy.htm
    www.al-bab.com An open door to the Arab world HOME PAGE
    About al-Bab

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    News Blogs News - latest Newspapers Useful news sources Reference Arab A to Z Books Chronology Documents ... Maps Special topics Arabic language Collecting Computers Democracy/reform ... Water Arts and culture Architecture Art Calligraphy Cinema ... Theatre Diversity Assyrians Berbers Gay/lesbian Jews ... Women Arabic calligraphy The Arabic alphabet ARABIC is written from right to left. There are 18 distinct letter shapes, which vary slightly depending on whether they are connected to another letter before or after them. There are no "capital" letters. The full alphabet of 28 letters is created by placing various combinations of dots above or below some of these shapes. (An animated version of the alphabet shows the correct way to move the pen). marks above and below other letters.

    11. Getting Started In Calligraphy
    to learn calligraphy? What books would you recommend to a beginner? Also, do you use dip pens, or pens with cartridges, or both?
    http://www.calligraphycentre.com/begin.html
    Return Materials Supplies Letterforms ... Video Question:
    Where do I start if I want
    to learn Calligraphy? What books would you recommend to a beginner? Also, do you use dip pens, or pens with cartridges, or both?
    A. My first recommendation would be that you find a calligraphy society in your area and scout out a good teacher. I think John Neal Books can be of some help here.
    If not possible or you want to get started right now, I've made some recommendations about books and materials .
    Materials
    Dip pens or fountain pens?
    Fountain pens are used for writing correspondence and practice and sometimes a teaching device.
    Fountain pens are sometimes used for convenience by scribes who address a lot of envelopes. In the hands of experienced scribes, fountain pens can yield beautiful results.
    However to gain the most control and understanding of writing with a broad edged pen, one needs to learn to handle a dip pen*. Metal nibs by Mitchell or Brause are the most commonly used. Others include: Speedball, Automatic, Coit. Of course we need to mention the reed and quill. Quills are cut from feathers, and reed or bamboo pens are cut from these 2 materials. Info on reeds and quills will be featured in another article.
    One can fill the dip pen by actually dipping or feeding the reservoir with a brush.

    12. Calligraphy
    Everything you want to know about calligraphy www.Caroun.com.
    http://www.caroun.com/Calligraphy/Calligraphy.htm
    Shop Books Museums Countries ... Calligraphy
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    Handwritten Persian Calligraphy English Fonts Calligraphers
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    1001 Free Fonts

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    ... Persian Calligraphy (History) Precision Type Pieces in Museums Reflect Design Wanted Fonts ... Contact Us

    13. Calligraphy Fonts | UrbanFonts.com
    Download free calligraphy fonts at UrbanFonts.com.
    http://www.urbanfonts.com/fonts/calligraphy-fonts.htm
    @import "/stylesH3.php"; Home
    Search, find and download free fonts and dingbats
    • FREE FONTS FREE DINGBATS BUY FONTS New Fonts ... Help
      Calligraphy fonts
      Preview and download free Calligraphy fonts below A B C D ... Z 12 fonts per page 24 fonts per page 36 fonts per page 48 fonts per page Text Background All styles registerCategory("3d"); registerCategory("adventure"); registerCategory("arabic"); registerCategory("asian"); registerCategory("beveled"); registerCategory("brush"); registerCategory("calligraphy"); registerCategory("celtic"); registerCategory("chinese"); registerCategory("comic"); registerCategory("computer"); registerCategory("curly"); registerCategory("decorative"); registerCategory("dirty"); registerCategory("distorted"); registerCategory("dotted"); registerCategory("embossed"); registerCategory("famous"); registerCategory("fire"); registerCategory("foreignlanguage"); registerCategory("funky"); registerCategory("futuristic"); registerCategory("gothic"); registerCategory("graffiti"); registerCategory("greek"); registerCategory("handwritten"); registerCategory("headline");

    14. Islamic Calligraphy
    Gallery of images from The Splendour of Islamic Calligraph by Abdelkebir Khatibi and Mohammed Sijelmassi, hosted by Islamicity.
    http://www.islamicity.com/Culture/Calligraphy/
    Islamic Calligraphy
    Calligraphic script - name of Allah
    Naskhi Script

    Ta'liq script

    A Bismillah
    ...
    Rashid Koraishi

    CREDITS: The Splendour of Islamic Calligraph. By: Abdelkebir Khatibi and Mohammed Sijelmassi. Published by Thames and Hudson.

    15. Introduction To Japanese Calligraphy
    Includes information on the art and its history. Also explains what distinguishes good calligraphy from bad.
    http://www.connectedglobe.com/ohmori/intro1.html
    Japanese Calligraphy
    by Graham Hawker
    Contents
    What is Calligraphy?
    What distinguishes good calligraphy from bad?

    A Brief History of Japanese Calligraphy (sho)

    Notes on Japanese Poetry
    ...
    What is Zen?
    Learn Japanese Calligraphy
    What is Calligraphy?
    Calligraphy Set Character writing is a highly evolved discipline that relies as much on artistic craftsmanship, as it does on literary composition. Our basic writing set comes with five brushes, a black ink stick, ink stone, red ink for the "chop" or signature stamp which is included for your own customization, water well and brush rest. The ink is made by gently rubbing the ink stick in a small pool of water in the ink stone. This ancient method allows for very little waste. The same bushes and inks may be used both for writing and painting, as the two art forms are so closely linked.
    What distinguishes good calligraphy from bad?
    To the trained eye the difference is instantly discernible, but just as with western art or music the difference is difficult to describe. However, here are a few guidelines:
    • There is a natural balance in both the characters and the composition as a whole Straight lines are strong and clear Curved lines are delicate and mobile There is variance in thickness and thinness The amount of ink on the brush, or lack of it, is consistent throughout

    16. Art Of Arabic Calligraphy
    articles about the History of Arabic calligraphy, Arabic Language Script, The Kufic Styles, and The Cursive Styles.
    http://sakkal.com/ArtArabicCalligraphy.html
    Part 1 of 4 articles
    The Art of Arabic Calligraphy
    The Language and The Script
    Mamoun Sakkal Arabic belongs to the group of Semitic alphabetical scripts in which mainly the consonants are represented in writing, while the markings of vowels (using diacritics) is optional. The earliest-known alphabet to mankind was the North Semitic, which developed around 1700 B.C. in Palestine and Syria. It consisted of 22 consonant letters. The Arabic, Hebrew, and Phoenician alphabets were based on this model. Then, around 1000 B.C., the Phoenician alphabet was itself used as a model by the Greeks, who added letters for vowels. Greek in turn became the model for Etruscan (c. 800 B.C.), whence came the letters of the ancient Roman alphabet, and ultimately all Western alphabets. The North Arabic script, which eventually prevailed and became the Arabic script of the Quran, relates most substantially and directly to the Nabatian script, which was derived from the Aramaic script. Old Aramaic, the language of Jesus and the Apostles, dates from the 2nd millennium B.C., and some dialects of which are still spoken by tiny groups in the Middle East. Arabic script still shares with Aramaic the names of the alphabet letters (Alef, Jeem, Dal, Zai, Sheen, etc.); similar graphic representation for phonetically similar letters (Sad and Dad, Ta and Tha, etc.); connections of letters in the same word and several forms of each letter depending on its location in the word, except for letters that cannot be connected to the letters which come after them (Alef, Dal/Dthal, Raa/Zai, Waw). The Arabic alphabet contains 18 letter shapes, by adding one, two, or three dots to letters with similar phonetic characteristics a total of 28 letters is obtained. These contain three long vowels, while diacritics can be added to indicate short vowels.

    17. Wedding Calligraphy Services By Professional Tucson Calligrapher
    Professional calligrapher, Lianda Ludwig offers calligraphy services for weddings, certificates, quotations and other custom gifts.
    http://www.beautifulcalligraphy.com/
    Professional Calligrapher Lianda Ludwig says:
    Wedding calligraphy, wedding certificates, hand written poetry, baby name poems....handwritten calligraphy gifts are ideal for celebrations, whether to adorn envelopes or add elegance to a favorite poem or quotation. I'm Lianda Ludwig, Tucson calligrapher, offering ready-made gifts in my Store , as well as Calligraphy Services for personalized gifts and custom keepsakes for all occasions.
    Explore my custom calligraphy gallery and discover many original calligraphy gift ideas, including decorated marriage certificates, calligraphy poetry, awards, memorial keepsakes and baby gifts. If you don't find the ideal match for your special occasion, contact me . I'm always open to suggestions and will work with you to create high quality, calligraphic art.
    Where would you like to go?

    18. Calligraphy And Heraldry By Neil Bromley
    An extensive gallery of Calligraphic and Heraldic art, produced to the highest of standards by the artist Neil Bromley, a member of the Devon Guild of
    http://www.calligraphyandheraldry.com/
    Welcome to the studio web site of Neil Bromley, Heraldic Artist, Calligrapher, and Medieval Illuminator. As a practicing Heraldic artist, it is my interest to create the best possible artwork for each of my clients, using traditional techniques, and materials. All work is hand painted, and there is no use of modern technology to produce the work, and is very much individually catered for. Please feel free to explore the web pages, of past and present commissions, which I have been honoured to produce, or the For Sale page where you will find individually hand painted items direct for sale. Should you wish to commission an original piece of artwork please see the commission page, and I hope that I can be of guidance and assistance in your personal request. To read more information on Neil Bromley, please visit: About
    site designed and built by sitdap.com

    19. Calligraphy - Definition From The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
    Definition of calligraphy from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games.
    http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calligraphy
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    calligraphy
    One entry found.
    calligraphy
    Main Entry: Pronunciation: Function:
    noun
    Etymology:
    French or Greek; French calligraphie, from Greek kalligraphia, from kalli- beautiful (from kallos beauty) + -graphia -graphy
    Date:
    1 a  artistic, stylized, or elegant handwriting or lettering b  the art of producing such writing penmanship  an ornamental line in drawing or painting adjective adverb Learn more about "calligraphy" and related topics at Britannica.com Find Jobs in Your City Pronunciation Symbols
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    20. Calligraphy In Islamic Art | Thematic Essay | Timeline Of Art History | The Metr
    calligraphy is the most highly regarded and most fundamental element of Islamic art. It is significant that the Qur’an, the book of God s revelations to the
    http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cali/hd_cali.htm
    Thematic Essays Art and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Turkey The Art of the Book in the Ilkhanid Period The Arts of the Book in the Islamic World, 1600-1800 Birth of Islam Chinese Calligraphy Enameled and Gilded Glass from Islamic Lands Figural Representation in Islamic Art Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art Glass with Mold Blown Decoration from Islamic Lands Islamic Arms and Armor List of Rulers: Islamic World The Magic of Signs and Patterns in North African Art Modern Art in West and East Pakistan The Nature of Islamic Art Takht-i Sulayman and Tile Work in the Ilkhanid Period Vegetal Patterns in Islamic Art West Asia: Between Tradition and Modernity Maps World Map, 500-1000 A.D. World Map, 1000-1400 A.D.
    Calligraphy in Islamic Art
    Calligraphy is the most highly regarded and most fundamental element of Islamic art Prophet Muhammad , was transmitted in Arabic, and that inherent within the Arabic script is the potential for developing a variety of ornamental forms. The employment of calligraphy as ornament had a definite aesthetic appeal but often also included an underlying talismanic component. While most works of art had legible inscriptions, not all Muslims would have been able to read them. One should always keep in mind, however, that calligraphy is principally a means to transmit a text, albeit in a decorative form.
    Objects from different periods and regions vary in the use of calligraphy in their overall design, demonstrating the creative possibilities of calligraphy as ornament. In some cases, calligraphy is the dominant element in the decoration. In these examples, the artist exploits the inherent possibilities of the Arabic script to create writing as ornament. An entire word can give the impression of random brushstrokes, or a single letter can develop into a decorative knot. In other cases, highly esteemed calligraphic works on paper are themselves ornamented and enhanced by their decorative frames or backgrounds. Calligraphy can also become part of an overall ornamental program, clearly separated from the rest of the decoration. In some examples, calligraphy can be combined with

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