21. Cholera - Definition From The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Definition of cholera from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cholera

Home Visit Our Sites Unabridged Dictionary Learner's Dictionary ... Contact Us Also Visit: Unabridged Encyclopedia Britannica Visual ESL: Learner's for Kids: Spell It! Word Central Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Search "cholera" in: Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Dictionary Open Dictionary Browse words next to: cholera Browse the Dictionary: A B C D ... Z cholera 4 entries found. cholera Asiatic cholera cholera morbus hog cholera Main Entry: Pronunciation: Function: noun Etymology: Latin Date:  any of several diseases of humans and domestic animals usually marked by severe gastrointestinal symptoms especially  an acute diarrheal disease caused by an enterotoxin produced by a comma-shaped gram-negative bacillus ( Vibrio cholerae syn. V. comma ) when it is present in large numbers in the proximal part of the human small intestine Learn more about "cholera" and related topics at Britannica.com Find Jobs in Your City Pronunciation Symbols Share this entry: Link to this page: Cite this page: Products Premium Services Company Info Contact Us ... Merriam-Webster, Incorporated

22. Cholera Doctor John Snow mapped cholera deaths in London in the 1850s. The work of Doctor Snow stands out as one of the most famous and earliest cases of geography http://geography.about.com/cs/medicalgeography/a/cholera.htm

zGCID=" test0" zGCID+=" test4" zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 You are here: About Education Geography Cultural Geography Cholera Geography Education Geography Essentials ... Submit to Digg Elsewhere on the Web Map of Cholera Deaths and Wells Cholera Information from the CDC Most Popular Geography Quiz - 23 May 2008 World Atlas and World Maps - Maps and Geography of the World Capitals of Every Country Free Blank Outline Maps of the United States of America ... Free Blank Outline Maps of the Countries and Continents of t... Map Stops Cholera From Matt Rosenberg Your Guide to Geography FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! John Snow's Map of London In the mid-1850s, there were two major theories about the transmission of cholera. Dr. John Snow used techniques which would later be known as medical geography to confirm that the transmission of the disease occurred by swallowing contaminated water or food and not by inhaling infected air. Dr. Snow knew that he had identified the transmission method for the "cholera poison." This "poison" was later identified as the bacterium VIBRIO CHOLERAE. Cholera leads to an infection of the small intestine which results in extreme diarrhea which may lead to massive dehydration and death. The disease can be treated by giving the victim a lot of fluids either by mouth or intravenously (directly into the blood stream). As sanitation and more effective water treatment increases throughout the world, the number of cholera victims decreases. Cholera has existed in Northern India for centuries and it is from this region that regular outbreaks are spread. The disease diffuses as people travel from the source area. With modern transportation such as airplanes, diseases can be spread a great distance very rapidly.

23. Cholera Fact Sheet Fact Sheet on cholera It s causes, symptoms and methods for prevention. http://www.metrokc.gov/health/prevcont/cholera.htm

Site Directory Public Health Webpage Directory For Care Providers For Educators Health Educators Toolbox About Us Jobs Employee Directory Contact Us Public Health 401 5th Ave., Suite 1300 Seattle, WA 98104 Click here to email us Phone: 206-296-4600 TTY Relay: 711 Advanced Search Search Tips Home Communicable disease facts Cholera Communicable Diseases and Epidemiology Cholera fact sheet What is cholera? What are the symptoms? How is it spread? Diagnosis and treatment ... Prevention What is cholera? Cholera is an intestinal disease caused by bacteria called Vibrio cholerae . In countries reporting outbreaks of cholera, the bacteria may be in the water supply, uncooked seafood, or other contaminated foods. Cholera is very rare in the United States. What are the symptoms? Usually start 2-3 days after exposure and include: Sudden onset of severe watery diarrhea Occasional vomiting and cramping Dehydration (loss of fluids), if not treated In severe untreated cases, death may occur in a few hours How is it spread? Mainly through drinking water contaminated with bowel movements or vomitus from infected people.

24. BBC NEWS | Health | Medical Notes | Medical Notes: Cholera cholera is an intestinal infection caused by a bacteria and is often linked to contaminated supplies of drinking water. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/medical_notes/3009779.stm

@import "/css/screen/shared/styles.css"; @import '/css/screen/shared/toolbar_ukfs.css'; @import '/css/screen/shared/toolbar_ifs.css'; @import "/css/screen/nol/styles.css"; @import "/css/screen/nol/furniture.css"; @import "/css/screen/nol/promo.css"; @import "/css/screen/nol/programmes.css?v1"; @import "/css/screen/nol/ukfs.css"; Skip to main content Low Graphics Access keys help Home Explore the BBC UK version International version About the versions ... Accessibility help BBC NEWS CHANNEL News services Your news when you want it News Front Page World UK England ... Special Reports RELATED BBC SITES SPORT WEATHER CBBC NEWSROUND ON THIS DAY ... EDITORS' BLOG Last Updated: Thursday, 8 May 2003, 09:22 GMT 10:22 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Medical notes: Cholera Cholera-causing bacteria Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by a bacteria - and is often linked to contaminated supplies of drinking water. By the start of the 20th Century, six major cholera "pandemics" had affected countries across the world. The world is now fighting the seventh, caused by a new strain of the

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var disableMSPLinks=1; Advertiser.SDC.DisplayedFriendEUD = "::0:0:ZjJiMDk2ODk3YThkYTA3NEhcYcQ184NrZW1vIDLAE52PFoyrWHQAGMp92dgeVI6zPufXeFzv_n4pnHp9v8tho4dXxbA1XpxGYFtvLRLq51AHvDswggzETXfZTtx6MbGx"; sdc_wrapper("tkn_leaderboardband", "/Music/UserBandProfile,11021002", "Frame1"); User Shortcuts: Send Message Forward to Friend Add to Friends Add to Favorites Block User Add to Group Rank User Instant Message View User Pics View User Bulletins People MySpace Web Music Video Home Browse Search Invite ... Artist Signup CHOLERA (FRIDAY AT LOGANS!!!) Death Metal / Hardcore / Metal "The Answer to Infection *EP* - March 29th" CLEVELAND, United States Profile Views: 396026 Last Login: 5/28/2008 View My: Pics Videos Contacting CHOLERA (FRIDAY AT LOGANS!!!) MySpace URL: http://www.myspace.com/cholera CHOLERA (FRIDAY AT LOGANS!!!): General Info Member Since Band Members XBOX LIVE GAMERTAG - idestroy18 Profile Designed By: Record Label Compton Records Type of Label Indie Upcoming Shows view all May 30 2008 Logans Basement (home from tour show!)

26. Causes Of Cholera, Cholera Symptoms, Cures For Cholera Information on cholera treatment, cholera symptoms, cholera diet and cholera causes and many more. http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/remedy/Cholera.html

Cholera Cholera Symptoms Causes Remedy Diet ... FAQ's Cholera is one of the most severe diseases of the intestines. It is a serious infection involving the lower part of the small bowel. It is a water-borne disease and is common during the monsoon . The mortality rate for this disease has been quite high. Cholera Symptoms A mild diarrhoea followed by violent purging The first sign of cholera may be mild diarrhoea. This is followed by sudden violent purging. Stools are loose, watery and nausea and vomiting The stools are loose, watery, and greyish-brown in colour. Diarrhoea is usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Feels very thirsty, restless and temperature rises The patient gets severe cramps in the stomach, and feels very thirsty and restless. The temperature rises, but the skin is generally cold and clammy and the pulse is weak. In the next stage, the body becomes colder; the skin dry, wrinkled, and purple; the voice weak and husky; and the urine, scanty and dark. Blood pressure falls The blood pressure falls, the cramps are agonizing, and signs of collapse appear rapidly.

27. USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Avian Cholera Update The avian cholera outbreak that recently caused the death of thousands of birds on the Great Salt Lake (GSL) appears to be over. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/avian_cholera/

USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS National Wildlife Health Center ...advancing wildlife and ecosystem health for a better tomorrow You are here: > Home Disease Information > Avian Cholera Disease Information Avian Influenza Chronic Wasting Disease White-Nose Syndrome ... Site Map Search NWHC: Honolulu Field Station Avian Cholera News Photos of Avian Cholera Die-off at Great Salt Lake by Charles Uibel Disease felling fowl at lake - Salt Lake Tribune, United States Avian cholera killing water fowl at Great Salt Lake - Salt Lake Tribune, United States Utah: Cholera Suspected in Bird Deaths - New York Times, United States - Jan 4, 2008 Birds in Great Salt Lake Felled by Cholera by the Thousands - New York Times Update: The avian cholera outbreak that recently caused the death of thousands of birds on the Great Salt Lake (GSL) appears to be over. Two mortality events in November and December, about 15 miles apart, affected mainly eared grebes, northern shovelers, California gulls, and green-winged teal. Eared grebes began dying around November 6th near Promontory Point; by December 1, estimates were that about 15,000 grebes out of a flock of 1.5 million died. Further south, near the town of Saltair, another die-off began around December 17 that affected grebes, green-winged teal and northern shovelers. About 1,500 birds died in this area. Avian cholera die-offs on the GSL are fairly common: in 1994, 15,000 birds died; in 1995, 1,000 birds perished; in 1998, 44,000; in 2002, nearly 30,000, and in 2004, again nearly 30,000. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center has been involved with helping Utah wildlife officials investigate many of these disease outbreaks.

28. Watching Peru's Oceans For Cholera Cues : NPR Feb 25, 2008 Warming oceans were behind Peru s cholera outbreaks in the 1990s, and global warming may cause future outbreaks. Some scientists in Peru are http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19344123

29. RCSB Protein Data Bank cholera toxin, shown here from PDB entry 1xtc, has a ring of five identical The catalytic portion of cholera toxin performs a single function it seeks http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/p

30. Department Of Health And Ageing - Cholera cholera is an acute bacterial enteric disease which is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water which has been contaminated with human excreta. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-str

here . This revised web site will reflect the new government's policies, programs and priorities for the health and ageing portfolio. Go to home page Skip to Content Skip to Main Navigation Skip to Local Navigation ... Factsheets Factsheets Cholera Cholera is an acute bacterial enteric disease which is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water which has been contaminated with human excreta. This fact sheet covers: background; occurrence; vaccination requirements for travel; treatment; avoidance; quarantine measures. In this section: Factsheets Anthrax fact sheet Antibiotic Resistance Barmah Forest virus infection - Fact Sheet ... Yellow fever fact sheets view more in this section view less in this section Background Cholera is an acute bacterial diarrhoeal disease that is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with human faeces. The primary symptom of infection is the sudden onset of watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting. If untreated, the fatality rate in severe cases can be as high as 50 per cent due to dehydration and kidney failure. Infection without symptoms, or with only mild diarrhoea, is common particularly in children. Occurrence Cholera has been reported from all continents. It is endemic in Asia, South America, central Europe, Africa, and is reported sporadically in Northern America and the Pacific. Australia is free of the disease except for the occasional case in an international traveller and very rarely, cases acquired from some eastern rivers.

31. Cholera Fact Sheet cholera is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. The bacterium is called Vibrio cholera. Although cholera is a very rare disease today, http://dhfs.wisconsin.gov/communicable/FactSheets/CHOLERA.HTM

Topics A-Z Reference Center Search Home ... Tuberculosis Disease Fact Sheet Series: Cholera Printable Version (PDF, 10 KB) Spanish (PDF, 11 KB) What is cholera? Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. The bacterium is called Vibrio cholera. Although cholera is a very rare disease today, six worldwide outbreaks were documented between 1817 and 1911 that resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Currently, only a few cases are reported in the United States each year. Who gets cholera? While cholera is a rare disease, those who may be at risk include people traveling to foreign countries where outbreaks are occurring and people who consume raw or undercooked seafood from warm coastal waters subject to sewage contamination. In both instances, the risk is quite small. How is the bacteria spread? The cholera bacteria is passed in the stools (feces). It is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated by the fecal waste of an infected person. This occurs more often in underdeveloped countries lacking adequate water supplies and proper sewage disposal. What are the symptoms of cholera?

32. Iraq Braced For More Cholera Outbreaks BAGHDAD, Iraq, February 4, 2008 (ENS) Health experts are warning that Iraq could be hit by new cases of cholera once temperatures start to rise. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2008/2008-02-04-04.asp

Iraq Braced for More Cholera Outbreaks By Emad al-Shara' BAGHDAD, Iraq , February 4, 2008 (ENS) - Health experts are warning that Iraq could be hit by new cases of cholera once temperatures start to rise. The government said its last cholera case was recorded in late November and has credited a public awareness campaign and the colder winter temperatures for halting the spread of the disease. However, doctors warn that cholera could recur as summer approaches because of poor sanitation. Adil Abdul-Muhsin, general inspector at the ministry of health, said that Iraq suffered its worst bout of cholera for the past 40 years, with 4,691 cases, resulting in 24 fatalities. Deputy Health Minister Amir al-Khuza'i said the ministry of health has "totally controlled the disease." "There aren't any cholera cases in Baghdad or in any other provinces," he said. But doctors say it's only a matter of time before the disease reappears. "Nothing can prevent a cholera outbreak next summer," said Ni'man Mohammad, a physician in Baghdad. Mohammed expressed particular concern about new cases "in areas with dense populations and poor basic services, like eastern parts of Baghdad such as Sadr City and the surrounding neighborhoods."

33. Evolution: Library: Cholera: Domesticating Disease The case study of the 1991 cholera epidemic in South America is the backdrop for this segment. Ewald describes how, over a few years time, society can steer http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_01.html

var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); Cholera: Domesticating Disease This segment from Evolution: "The Evolutionary Arms Race" features the work of biologist Paul Ewald , who studies the evolution of virulence of disease organisms. The case study of the 1991 cholera epidemic in South America is the backdrop for this segment. Ewald describes how, over a few years time, society can steer the evolution of such pathogens toward becoming more mild. Credits: View in: QuickTime RealPlayer Resource Type: Video Format: QuickTime or RealPlayer Length: 4 min, 52 sec Topics Covered: Why Evolution Matters Backgrounder Cholera: Domesticating Disease: Charles Darwin himself most likely could not have imagined the impact of his ideas on the way today's scientists interpret the spread and power of infectious diseases. Scientists are using evolutionary concepts to explain why some viruses and bacteria are highly virulent and life-threatening, while others reside in their hosts with few, if any, ill effects. By formulating mathematical models from evolutionary forces at play, scientists are beginning to predict patterns of disease transmission and their levels of virulence.

34. WHO | Treatment Of Cholera cholera is an easily treatable disease. The prompt administration of oral rehydration salts to replace lost fluids nearly always results in cure. http://www.alliance-rpss.org/topics/cholera/treatment/en/index.html

Language options Search Main navigation Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... Cholera Main content Treatment of cholera Cholera is an easily treatable disease. The prompt administration of oral rehydration salts to replace lost fluids nearly always results in cure. In especially severe cases, intravenous administration of fluids may be required to save the patient's life. Left untreated, however, cholera can kill quickly following the onset of symptoms. This can happen at a speed that has incited fear and paralyzed commerce throughout history. Although such reactions are no longer justified, cholera continues to be perceived by many as a deadly and highly contagious threat that can spread through international trade in food. Related links Cholera: prevention and control Related publications First steps for managing an outbreak of acute diarrhoea Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis, cholera and campylobacteriosis [pdf 439kb] Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness All cholera publications WHO PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES The Global Task Force on Cholera Cholera (Initiative for Vaccine Research) Cholera outbreak control measures (African Region) Cholera (Region of the Americas) ... Cholera (South-East Asia Region) Corporate links E-mail scams Employment FAQs Feedback ... RSS feeds

35. Cholera In Peru Makes a case study of the epidemic outbreak in 1991, with graphics and geographic information system data files. University of Colorado s Department of http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/warmup/cholera/cholera_f.html

36. Snow S Cholera Map The significance of Snow s famous cholera map (a piece of which is shown here) is that, by closing the Broad Street pump by removing its handle, http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/pubs/snow/snow.html

Snow's Cholera Map The significance of Snow's famous cholera map (a piece of which is shown here In 1992, as part of the development work for an NCGIA technical report, Rusty Dodson of NCGIA Santa Barbara, digitized details from Snow's map reproduced in: "Snow on Cholera: being a reprint of two papers by John Snow, M.D., together with a Biographical Memoir by B.W. Richardson, M.D. and an Introduction by Wade Hampton Frost, M.D.", London, Oxford University Press, 1936. The scale of the source map is approx. 1:2000. Coordinate units are meters. The data in these files consists of: the relevant 1854 London streets ("streets") the location of 578 deaths from cholera ("deaths") the position of 13 water pumps ("pumps") Each coordinate point in the file "deaths" specifies the address of a person who died from cholera. When many points are associated with a single street address, they are "stacked" in a line away from the street so that they are more easily visualized. This is how they are displayed on John Snow's original map. The dates of the deaths are not recorded. The data files were created for a student exercise included in NCGIA Technical Report 93-5: Teaching Introductory Geographical Data Analysis with GIS: A Laboratory Guide for an Integrated Spacestat/Idrisi Environment, edited by Rusty Dodson, preface by Luc Anselin.

37. Geography Education: Grades 9-12 @ Nationalgeographic.com This lesson on cholera can be used in geography, world history, and other social studies Examine maps to draw conclusions about cholera deaths in London http://www.nationalgeographic.com/resources/ngo/education/ideas912/912cholera.ht

SITE INDEX FIGHTING CHOLERA WITH MAPS Forward to next 9-12 lesson Handouts for this lesson Return to 9-12 Table of Contents page Preview of Main Ideas Connection With the Curriculum This lesson on cholera can be used in geography, world history, and other social studies classes. Teaching Level: Grades 6-12 Geography Standards 1. How to use maps and other tools and technologies 3. How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments 17. How to apply geography to interpret the past Geography Themes: Location, Place, Human/Environment Interaction, Movement Materials One copy of each handout for each student: Overhead projector and transparency of each map (Optional) Objectives Students are expected to Examine maps to draw conclusions about cholera deaths in London Understand how maps can provide useful information about an issue Understand how maps can be used to solve problems Opening the Lesson Developing the Lesson Concluding the Lesson Assessing Student Learning Extending the Lesson Discuss some questions that are important to medical geographers: Where are diseases found? How do diseases spread? Is there a pattern to the spread of disease? Are some diseases more common in some environments than in others? Are the locations of health-care facilities important? Are they related to patterns of disease? Have students research the spread of specific diseases, for example, AIDS, smallpox, malaria, or typhoid, then use medical atlases to research and plot the spread of diseases on blank outline maps.

38. Apple - Trailers - Love In The Time Of Cholera Based on Nobel Prizewinning author Gabriel Garcia Marquezí novel and adapted by Academy Award- winning screenwriter Ronald Harwood (The Pianist), http://www.apple.com/trailers/newline/loveinthetimeofcholera/

39. Medmicro Chapter 24 Scientific and medical information about the organisms and the diseases they cause. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch024.htm

Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios Richard A. Finkelstein General Concepts Cholera and Vibrio cholerae Clinical Manifestations Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhea characterized by numerous, voluminous watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting, and resulting in hypovolemic shock and acidosis. It is caused by certain members of the species Vibrio cholerae which can also cause mild or inapparent infections. Other members of the species may occasionally cause isolated outbreaks of milder diarrhea whereas othersthe vast majorityare free-living and not associated with disease. Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types Vibrios are Gram-negative, highly motile curved rods with a single polar flagellum. They tolerate alkaline media that kill most intestinal commensals, but they are sensitive to acid. Numerous free-living vibrios are known, some potentially pathogenic. Until 1992, cholera was caused by only two serotypes, Inaba (AC) and Ogawa (AB), and two biotypes, classical and El Tor, of toxigenic O group 1 V cholerae. These organisms may be identified by agglutination in O group 1-specific antiserum directed against the lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall and by demonstration of their enterotoxigenicity. In 1992, cholera caused by serogroup O139 (synonym "Bengal"; the 139th and latest serogroup of V cholerae to be identified) emerged in epidemic proportions in India and Bangladesh. This serovar is identified by 1) absence of agglutination in O group 1 specific antiserum; 2) by agglutination in O group 139 specific antiserum; and 3) by the presence of a capsule.

40. Cholera - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment Of Cholera - NY Times Health Informatio cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cholera/overview.html?inline=nyt

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