41. Cholera Crisis Hits Baghdad | World News | The Observer Iraqi capital fears an epidemic if stricken sewerage system collapses as the rainy season arrives. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/02/iraq.davidsmith

document.domain = "guardian.co.uk"; Jump to content [s] Jump to site navigation [0] Jump to search [4] Terms and conditions [8] ... Register Text larger smaller Search: guardian.co.uk World news News Sport Comment Culture ... World news Cholera crisis hits Baghdad Iraqi capital fears an epidemic if stricken sewerage system collapses as the rainy season arrives David Smith The Observer Sunday December 2 2007 Baghdad is facing a 'catastrophe' with cases of cholera rising sharply in the past three weeks to more than 100, strengthening fears that poor sanitation and the imminent rainy season could create an epidemic. The disease - spread by bacteria in contaminated water, which can result in rapid dehydration and death - threatens to blunt growing optimism in the Iraqi capital after a recent downturn in violence. Two boys in an orphanage have died and six other children were diagnosed with the disease, according to the Iraqi government. 'We have a catastrophe in Baghdad,' an official said. The United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) said 101 cases had been recorded in the city, making up 79 per cent of all new cases in Iraq. It added that no single source for the upsurge had been identified, but the main Shia enclave of Sadr City was among the areas hardest hit. As Iraq's rainy season nears, its ageing water pipes and sewerage systems, many damaged or destroyed by more than four years of war, pose a new threat to a population weary of crisis. Claire Hajaj, a spokeswoman for Unicef, said: 'Iraq's water and sanitation networks are in a critical condition. Pollution of waterways by raw sewage is perhaps the greatest environmental and public health hazard facing Iraqis - particularly children. Waterborne diarrhoea diseases kill and sicken more Iraqi children than anything except pneumonia. We estimate that only one in three Iraqi children can rely on a safe water source - with Baghdad and southern cities most affected.'

42. Cholera In Bham The following article is taken from cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. The Introduction of Epidemic cholera Through the Agency of the Mercantile http://www.uab.edu/reynolds/cholera.html

Homepage About Us Lectures Fellowships ... Links UAB Historical Collections Lister Hill Library UAB Home Reynolds Historical Library The Birmingham Cholera Epidemic of 1873 The following article is taken from Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. The Introduction of Epidemic Cholera Through the Agency of the Mercantile Marine: Suggestions of Measures of Prevention. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1875. (pp. 409-414). Included in this work is a section on the cholera epidemic which ravaged and nearly destroyed the young city of Birmingham, Alabama in 1873, together with a full-page map which has been described as "one of the earliest published maps of this city." The author of the article, Mortimer H. Jordan (1844-1889) was secretary of the Jefferson County Medical Society of Birmingham, Alabama in 1873 (during the epidemic) and later president of the Jefferson County Medical Society (1881-1883). JEFFERSON COUNTY CHOLERA AT BIRMINGHAM, ALA., IN 1873 BY M.H. JORDAN., Member of the Board of Health In reporting a history of the recent epidemic of cholera as it prevailed at Birmingham, I will not discuss any theories nor indulge in any idle speculation, but will contain myself strictly to a simple, concise, narrative of events.

43. Cartagena: Love In The Time Of Cholera - Telegraph The streets that provided the setting for the film of Gabriel García Márquez s epic novel, Love in the Time of cholera , work their magic on James Bedding. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/southamerica/762317/Cartagena-Love-in-the-Time

Skip to article: Cartagena: Love in the Time of Cholera Skip to Telegraph Travel navigation Skip to Telegraph main section navigation Skip to other Telegraph navigation links ... RSS Britain's No.1 quality newspaper website Make us your homepage Thursday 29 May 2008 Advertisement Home News Sport Business ... TV SEARCH Travel home Adventure travel Arts and culture City breaks ... Message boards NEWS SERVICES Blackberry service Desktop alerts Email services Home delivery ... Weekly Telegraph randomFrame FEATURE FOCUS Cartagena: Love in the Time of Cholera James Bedding Last Updated: 3:41PM GMT 25/03/2008 Image of Digital Railroad Digital Railroad James Bedding News of the city's wealth spread around the world, and one day a fleet of 100 ships carrying 8,000 soldiers and 12,000 sailors came to attack it. The defenders numbered just 3,000 men, led by a sailor called Blas de Lezo who had one eye, one arm and one leg, but they fought valiantly. After a bloody siege lasting 56 days, the attackers gave up and sailed home. Article continues advertisement Whatever viewers make of the film's attempt to capture the magic of the novel, many will be inspired by shots of Cartagena to visit it for themselves. Although more than four decades of armed conflict have put much of Colombia out of bounds, Cartagena is considered safe, and in recent years many former colonial mansions, monasteries and convents have been converted into hotels to cater for the growing number of visitors to this Unesco World Heritage Site.

44. Cholera In The 19th Century cholera was one of many contagious dieases which killed people in the 19th century, and in Dundee, when a number of cholera epidemics swept through the town http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/lamb/cholera.htm

The following images are examples of documents relating to cholera outbreaks in 19th Century Dundee, Scotland. Cholera was one of many contagious dieases which killed people in the 19th century, and in Dundee, when a number of Cholera epidemics swept through the town during the 1800 s. Cholera bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) is transmitted by water or food which has been contaminated with the faeces of people who have the disease. Symptoms include severe diarrhoea and dehydration, which can lead to shock and death if left untreated. So why did Cholera spread so rapidly in the towns and cities of the 19th Century? Dundee in the 19th century would have been smelly and crowded, with noisy markets and narrow cobbled streets traversed by horses and carts and littered with deposits of horse dung. Street-side butchers and fish vendors like those found at Butchers Row and Fish Street would often toss innards and unwanted flesh into street gutters, and householders threw refuse from tenement windows into the streets below. In the early 1800s, toilets were outdoors and shared by many families living in the same tenement block, and few public washing facilities were available for bathing. Dung heaps were often situated too close to public wells and triggered complaints from citizens about their drinking water being contaminated with faeces.

45. Reportable Infectious Diseases And Conditions cholera. cholera Information Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - English Version cholera Information - Centers for Disease Control and http://www.idph.state.il.us/health/infect/reportdis/cholera.htm

Cholera Cholera Information - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - English Version Cholera Information - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Spanish Version ... Portugues Version Illinois Department of Public Health 535 West Jefferson Street Springfield, Illinois 62761 Phone 217-782-4977 Fax 217-782-3987 TTY 800-547-0466 Questions or Comments

46. Plagues & Epidemics The cholera Story The bad news is that another waterborne disease, cholera, has proven one The good news is that it was through cholera epidemics that http://www.theplumber.com/plague.html

One of our main sponsors since 1995: please visit: to International Toilet History in India and the World T he first epidemic of a waterborne disease probably was caused by an infected caveman relieving himself in waters upstream of his neighbors. Perhaps the entire clan was decimated, or maybe the panicky survivors packed up their gourds and fled from the "evil spirits" inhabiting their camp to some other place. As long as people lived in small groups, isolated from each other, such incidents were sporadic. But as civilization progressed, people began clustering into cities. They shared communal water, handled unwashed food, stepped in excrement from casual discharge or spread as manure, used urine for dyes, bleaches, and even as an antiseptic. As cities became crowded, they also became the nesting places of waterborne, insect borne, and skin -to-skin infectious diseases that spurted out unchecked and seemingly at will. Typhus was most common, reported Thomas Sydenham , England's first great physician, who lived in the 17th century and studied early history. Next came typhoid and relapsing fever, plague and other pestilential fever, smallpox and dysentery’s-the latter a generic class of disease that includes what's known as dysentery, as well as cholera. The ancients had no inkling as to the true cause of their misery. People believed divine retribution caused plagues and epidemics, or else bad air, or conjunction of the planets and stars, any and all of these things.

47. Nobelprize.org: The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine 1994 cholera is caused by a commashaped bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, which is ingested in contaminated water and food. The bacteria multiply enormously in the http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/illpres/cholera.html

Nobel Foundation Nobel Media Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center ... Prize in Economics The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 Cholera: G Proteins are at full speed ahead Cholera is caused by a comma-shaped bacterium, Vibrio cholerae , which is ingested in contaminated water and food. The bacteria multiply enormously in the intestine, where epithelial cells allow fluid to leak into the intestine with intense diarrhoea as a result. Cholera is endemic in India and other parts of the third world. The bacterium discovered by Robert Koch in 1884, can be killed by antibiotics, but the disease is caused by a bacterial toxin, which irreversibly activates the G proteins of epithelial cells in the intestine. This results in an often life-threatening loss of water and salts. From Koch's discovery of the cholera bacterium in 1884 it took researchers about 100 years to expose the real cause of the disease - the effect of the bacterial toxin on G proteins The cholera bacterium is shaped like a comma with a tail (above).

48. MD Travel Health Features links, disease and vaccine information, and prevention. http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/infectious/cholera.html

Cholera Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by a bacterium known as Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is acquired through ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is rarely spread from person-to-person. The incubation period ranges from less than one to five days. In most cases, infection with Vibrio cholerae causes either no symptoms or mild diarrhea. Some, however, develop profuse watery diarrhea, usually with vomiting, leading to profound dehydration, which may be fatal. The cornerstone of treatment is rehydration, usually with oral rehydration solution. Severe cases may require intravenous fluids. Antibiotics are also given, usually tetracycline or doxycycline, though quinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are also effective. A recent study in Bangladesh showed that a single 1-gram dose of azithromycin (Zithromax) was significantly more effective than a single 1-gram dose of ciprofloxacin (see the New England Journal of Medicine Cholera is rare in travelers, including those visiting countries where cholera outbreaks are occurring. In previous years, cholera vaccination was required for entry into many countries, but is no longer required of any traveler. As of August 2000, the only cholera vaccine approved for use in the United States was no longer being manufactured or sold. (See the Centers for Disease Control for details.) The vaccine had not been generally recommended because it reduces the rate of infections by no more than 50%, is effective for no more than 3-6 months, and frequently causes pain at the injection site. Three oral vaccines have been developed, including

49. ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Cholera Kills Four More In Zimbabwe, Ups Death Harare_(dpa) _ Four more people have died from cholera in Zimbabwe, bringing the total number of deaths from the disease to at least 15 in the last month, http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-7CGHRU?OpenDocument

50. The 1832 Cholera Epidemic In New York State: The response by several New York State communities to the 1832 invasion of cholerae vibrio provides an poignant opportunity to view man s social and http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera.html

The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio By G. William Beardslee I Disease and History "New York was probably the most thoroughly scourged among the states. Each of the thriving towns along the Erie Canal suffered in its turn, despite quarantines and last minute attempts at 'purifications.' . . .Small villages, even isolated farms, were stricken. And here the disease was most terrifying; it had to be faced alone, often without friend, minister, or physician. The appearance of cholera in even the smallest hamlet was the signal for the general exodus of the inhabitants, who, in their headlong flight, spread the disease throughout the surrounding countryside [i] T A ll peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently emphasized. . . .At the Atlantic frontier one can study the germs of processes repeated at each successive frontier. We have the complex European life sharply precipitated by the wilderness into the simplicity of primitive conditions." [ii] T he influence of disease upon American history is an under appreciated historiographical component. It is true that within the last few generations of American historians, there has been a growing recognition that disease devastated native American peoples prior to and after the arrival of Europeans on the North American continent. But the influence of plagues, epidemics, pestilences, and poxes upon local, regional, and national events has been less studied. Relatively few historians, including European or world historians such as Hans Zinnser and William H. McNeill, have proposed environmentally oriented historiographical theories that highlight the analysis of disease upon global history.

51. Cholera, King Cholera. Sickness And Death In The Old South. Genealogy, History, cholera is an acute, infectious disease characterized by extreme diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps. cholera is primarily spread by fecescontaminated water and http://www.tngenweb.org/darkside/cholera.html

Epidemic Cholera = Asiatic Cholera = Vibrio cholerae Cholera is an acute, infectious disease characterized by extreme diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps. Cholera is primarily spread by feces-contaminated water and food; or as some say, it is a deadly water borne disease usually resulting from poor hygiene and untreated water. The cholera bacteria produce a toxin which keeps the human body from absorbing liquids. It is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Untreated individuals may die from severe dehydration within two to three hours. This disease has been the killer of millions worldwide. It is endemic in both Bangladesh and Peru. In 1991, a cholera epidemic swept down the west coast of South America. Africa suffered a similar cholera surge in 1991. It seems that the bacteria prefers brackish coastal waters (moderately salty waters, i.e., coastal estuaries). Traditionally, this link to the seacoast areas has been credited with the transmission of the disease to other areas via ships. The bacteria is controlled by chlorination of water and by waste water management. Of course, the less developed nations with their less developed water and waste systems are more at risk of outbreaks than the more developed nations. Natural disasters can greatly heighten the cholera risk by damaging the water and waste water systems.

52. Water Related Diseases, Cholera - Lenntech General information about cholera, origin, symptoms, distribution. http://www.lenntech.com/Waterborne-diseases/cholera.htm

Cholera Search : Contact us Anaemia Arsenicosis Ascariasis ... Campylobacteriosis Cholera Cryptosporiodiosis Cyanobacterial toxins Dengue Diarrhoea ... Typhoid Cholera is an acute, diarrhoeal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water. The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in brackish rivers and coastal waters. Approximately 1 in 20 infected people has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhoea, vomiting and leg cramps. In these people rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shoal. Without treatment death can occur within hours. Cholera cases and deaths were officially reported by WHO, in the year 2000, from 27 countries in Africa, 9 countries in Latin America, 13 countries in Asia, 2 countries in Europe, and 4 countries in Oceania. In the same year some 140,000 cases resulting in approximately 5000 deaths were officially notified at WHO. Africa accounted for 87% of these cases. Click here to learn for more information about waterborne diseases , dimension of the problem, transmission, prevention.

53. The Medical Community's Response The Medical Community s Response to the cholera Epidemic In London, 1831 1832 cholera was all the more frightening in 1831-32 because the medical http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1993-4/Jennings.html

The Medical Community's Response to the Cholera Epidemic In London, 1831 -1832 by Michael Jennings The years 1831 and 1832 were a frightening time to be in London, England. For the first time a disease which was suspected to be viable only in the tropics had entered England. This disease is cholera. At the time it was a devastating disease capable of killing its victims within hours of infection. Today it is known that cholera is typically ingested through tainted water supplies and anchors itself within the intestine, causing rapid dehydration through diarrhea. Through this process, a person's electrolytes are decimated, causing deterioration of the blood. This results in a person's skin becoming blue, muscle spasms, and an inability to retain body heat. It is indeed a very violent way to die. Cholera was all the more frightening in 1831-32 because the medical community was baffled by its nature and had no effective means for treating it. It is the objective of this paper to focus on the many ways the medical community dealt with this epidemic. Cholera had been known and studied for many years in Bengal prior to its arrival in England and for this reason it was termed Spasmodic Cholera of India. The cause and the transmission had yet to be discovered once the disease had reached England. The transmission of the disease as it penetrated through Europe and Asia is still uncertain. Trade routes, however, appear to have been the arteries which carried cholera. Once a person already infected with cholera arrives at a place with a warm, moist climate and poor sewage facilities, the disease is entrenched as long as these conditions persist.

54. Al Jazeera English - News - Cholera 'Spreading In Iraq' More than 2000 people reported to be suffering cholera in Iraq, report says. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AF08078E-E1C6-4D5F-B442-8BEF073F92FB.htm

ForceMenuType('ToHtml'); UPDATED ON: WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2007 11:07 MECCA TIME, 8:07 GMT DrawFlashMenu(400); WATCH NOW FRONT PAGE AFRICA AMERICAS ... FLASH There are no main images NEWS MIDDLE EAST Cholera 'spreading in Iraq' More than two-thirds of confirmed cholera cases are in the northern province of Kirkuk More than 2,000 people in Iraq are suffering from cholera, which is spreading across the country, the World Health Organisation has said. Eleven people have died and new cases of the disease have been confirmed in Baghdad, Basra and for the first time the northern districts of Tikrit, Mosul and Dahuk, according to a WHO report. The global health body said it estimates that more than 30,000 people have fallen ill with acute watery diarrhoea, which may later be confirmed as cholera. More than two-thirds of the confirmed cases are in the northern province of Kirkuk, where cholera was first reported on August 13, WHO said. While the number of deaths from the disease has so far been low, the WHO said in the report: "It continues to spread across Iraq and dissemination to as yet unaffected areas remains highly possible."

55. MSF-USA: Cholera Information Page Now, at the end of the 20th Century, the world is being circled by the seventh great pandemic of cholera. More than 60 countries report outbreaks each year. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/cholera/index.cfm

Home Site Map Contact Us Donate ... Press Releases In 1817, a new and terrible disease moved out of Bengal and began to spread across the world. It caused profuse diarrhea and vomiting, and its sufferers died of profound dehydration, sometimes within a matter of hours. By the end of the nineteenth century it had killed many hundreds of thousands of people across Asia and then Russia, Europe, and the Americas. Like many diseases it was given a Greek name... cholera. The word means diarrhea. How cholera kills The bacteria Vibrio cholerae is excreted by an infected person in the stools and vomit. It can then be spread directly to other people if they touch the patient and then fail to wash their hands before eating. The germ can also contaminate food or water supplies. In the latter case this will cause an explosive outbreak because many people will ingest the vibrion in a short period of time. MSF staff testing quality of water in Lusaka, Zambia. Once inside the intestine, the organism multiplies and produces a toxin. This toxin causes the cells lining the intestine to secrete massive volumes of fluid and leads to diarrhea and vomiting. A patient under treatment can lose more than 50 liters of fluid during a bout of cholera. A person who is not treated will die of dehydration well before this. In fact, death usually occurs when 10 to 15 per cent of the total body weight is lost. In severe cases this may take only a couple of hours.

56. Indies On DVD: 'Atonement,' 'Southland Tales,' 'Steep,' 'Cholera' - Cinematical Though it was ignored during last fall s awards season, Mike Newell s Love in the Time of cholera might be ripe for discovery. (On the other hand, http://feeds.cinematical.com/~r/weblogsinc/cinematical/~3/253607377/

@import url(http://www.blogsmithmedia.com/www.cinematical.com/media/style.css); Joystiq has your stash of criminally complete GTA IV news! Moviefone Cinematical Photo Gallery TV Squad ... Web Indies on DVD: 'Atonement,' 'Southland Tales,' 'Steep,' 'Cholera' Posted Mar 18th 2008 8:02AM by Peter Martin Filed under: Drama Independent Sports New Line ... Cinematical Indie Despite all the awards attention it received, Joe Wright's Atonement still sounds too much like a lushly romantic period melodrama for my personal taste. Still, it's one of those movies you probably need to experience yourself before deciding if the praise was too lavish ( Ryan Stewart thought it was a "stunning achievement") or the criticism too harsh. The DVD from Universal Studios includes deleted scenes, two "making of" features, and an audio commentary by the director. From all that I've read, Southland Tales sounds like an astonishing train wreck. Nick Schager began his review for Cinematical by writing: "Let me present Exhibit A in the case against granting talented young filmmakers extensive creative autonomy." Given my perverse nature, that makes me want to see Richard Kelly's futuristic epic even more. The DVD from Sony Pictures includes a "featurette" and an animated short.

57. HPA - Cholera cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by enterotoxinproducing strains within the O1 and O139 serogroups of Vibrio cholerae. http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/cholera/menu.htm

Home Careers Accessibility Contact Us ... What's New Search HPA Advanced search Infectious Diseases Chemicals ... Infections A-Z Cholera Infectious Diseases Infections A-Z Laboratories and Reference Facilities Microbiological Tests and Services Reference Library ... Links Cholera Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae .Cholera is spread by contaminated water and food. It generally occurs in regions of the world where there is no clean water or adequate sewage disposal. A dehydrated child receiving oral rehydration therapy (Photo: UNICEF) V. cholerae bacteria produce a toxin which is responsible for the severe diarrhoea, vomiting, and leg cramps characteristic of the disease. In its most extreme form, cholera can be fatal within hours. Cholera is caused by the O1 and O139 serogroups of V. cholerae . Other serogroups exist (and may sometimes cause skin infections in patients exposed to contaminated flood waters), however, these serogroups do not produce the disease known as cholera. Most healthy people infected with V. cholerae

58. Cholera: Bacterial Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition cholera is a serious infection of the intestine caused by the gramnegative bacterium Vibrio cholerae that produces severe diarrhea. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch190/ch190f.html

Search Recent Searches Index Sections A B ... view all sections In This Topic Cholera Symptoms and Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment Back to Top Section Infections Subject Bacterial Infections Topics Introduction Actinomycosis Anthrax Bejel, Yaws, and Pinta ... Infections Cholera Enterobacteriaceae Infections Gas Gangrene Haemophilus Infections ... Typhoid Fever Cholera drawAdBox(adPath, numberOfAds, false); Buy the Book Print This Topic Email This Topic Pronunciations actinomycosis bejel Campylobacter cholera ... Vibrio cholerae Cholera is a serious infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae that produces severe diarrhea. Several species of Vibrio bacteria cause diarrhea (see Microorganism Common Sources Symptoms Antimicrobial Use ), but the type that produces the most serious illness is Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera. Cholera may occur in large outbreaks of diarrheal illness. The disease is fatal in one third to one half of the people who do not receive proper medical care. Once common throughout the world, cholera is now largely confined to developing countries in the tropics and subtropics. Vibrio cholerae normally lives in aquatic environments, attached to particular types of algae and plankton. People acquire the infection by ingesting water, seafood, or other foods contaminated with the bacteria. Once infected, people return the bacteria to the environment in their stool (particularly in regions where human waste is untreated), allowing explosive spread of the infection. The most recent cholera outbreak is still ongoing in Africa, where more than 400,000 people contracted the disease from 1998 to 1999.

59. Definition: Cholera From Online Medical Dictionary Previous cholepathia, choleperitoneum, choleperitonitis, cholepoiesis, cholepoietic Next cholera agar, cholera bacillus, choleragen, choleraic http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?cholera

60. KEGG PATHWAY: Cholera - Infection - Homo Sapiens (human) cholera Infection - Homo sapiens (human), Help All organisms in KEGG, - Sort below by alphabet -, Homo sapiens (human), Vibrio cholerae O1 http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/hsa/hsa05110.html

Cholera - Infection - Homo sapiens (human) Pathway menu Reference list Reference pathway All organisms in KEGG Homo sapiens (human) Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection Colonization Diarrhea Environment Life cycle Current selection

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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