41. The Why Files 1. Ebola Emerges Why emerging infectious diseases are now more threatening. http://whyfiles.org/121emerg_infect/

42. Ebola Virus Twenty years ago ebola virus first emerged in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan (ref 1) and Zaire.(ref 2) Two subsequent outbreaks have occurred, http://www.bmj.com/archive/6991e-2.htm

Ebola virus Poor countries may lack the resources to prevent or minimise transmission Twenty years ago Ebola virus first emerged in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan (ref 1) and Zaire.(ref 2) Two subsequent outbreaks have occurred, (ref 3,4) but transmission among human populations has not been sustained. Despite substantial progress in our understanding of Ebola we have not identified its natural reservoir or the trigger for its re-emergence in new outbreaks in humans. As the journal went to press, the World Health Organisation had reported 114 cases of Ebola infection and 79 deaths in a new outbreak centred in Kikwit, a rural town of 400000 situated in Bandundu Province, Zaire, 1000 km from the location of the 1976 outbreak in Zaire.(ref 5) A cordon sanitaire has been placed around the town, but some travellers have circumvented it. The few cases reported in nearby towns have so far been among already ill patients transferred from Kikwit to other hospitals. The index case, seen in early April, was a hospital laboratory worker presumed at first to have typhoid; subsequent cases were initially found among a surgical team and others who cared for the laboratory worker, with secondary spread to other health workers and to family members acting as carers. Two thirds of the deaths have been among health workers. Until the outbreak provoked a response, Kikwit General Hospital was short of barrier nursing supplies and disinfectants. The current outbreak resembles earlier African out breaks, (ref 1,2,3) in which the first cases were found in hospitals where infection control mechanisms were not in place because of economic constraints. Ebola virus was spread to health workers in contact with body fluids, and also from patient to patient by the reuse of unsterilised needles. Secondary transmission occurred also among family members who administered care, among those who prepared corpses for burial, and in other towns where travellers from the epicentre subsequently became ill and infected new carers. Airborne spread is not considered important; one study noted that those exposed to ill patients even in small, crowded village huts were not at increased risk without direct contact.(ref 3)

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44. Gene-swapping Ebola Is A Slippery Target - Health - 08 October 2007 - New Scient Oct 8, 2007 The genetic sequence of the virus is more varied than thought, and its ability to swap genes could make producing a vaccine difficult. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12750-geneswapping-ebola-is-a-slippery-tar

New Scientist Space Technology Environment ... SUBSCRIPTIONS CENTRE Get 4 extra free issues and unlimited free access to NewScientist.com SUBSCRIBE RENEW GIFT SUBSCRIPTION MY ACCOUNT ... CUSTOMER SERVICE Gene-swapping Ebola is a slippery target 22:00 08 October 2007 NewScientist.com news service Debora MacKenzie Tools Related Articles Ebola outbreak confirmed in Congo 11 September 2007 Ebola's hiding place revealed 03 December 2005 Ebola pushes gorillas towards extinction 07 December 2006 Search New Scientist Contact us Web Links Peter Walsh, Max Planck Institute for Anthropology Ebola, World Health Organisation Gabon, Wikipedia Scientists have genetically sequenced Ebola viruses from gorillas and chimpanzees for the first time and found the virus to be more varied than previously thought. Unexpectedly, they have also discovered that different strains of the virus can swap genes - a find that could make producing a vaccine much more difficult. The Ebola virus causes fever and haemorrhage and kills up to 90% of people who catch it. It has spread cross Africa since 1976, infecting humans and apes sporadically and also hiding in bats An outbreak currently underway in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is so far thought to have infected 76 people. Ebola has also killed thousands of apes and has caused the lowland gorilla

45. On-Scene At The Ebola Outbreak | Newsweek International | Newsweek.com Dec 11, 2007 An onscene report from the Ugandan town hit hardest by the latest outbreak of the deadly virus. http://www.newsweek.com/id/76935

var commercialNode = "news/intl"; var ad_content_type = ""; var rootpath = "http://www.newsweek.com/"; var filepath = "http://ndn.newsweek.com/media/"; var staticContentRoot = "http://ndn.newsweek.com/"; var registrationHost = "http://services.newsweek.com/"; var searchHost = "http://services.newsweek.com/"; placeAd2(commercialNode,'leaderboard',false,'') Click here to join the NEWSWEEK community, post comments and subscribe to our e-mail newsletters User Name: Password: Forgot password? News Politics Tech and Business ... Subscribe Now placeAd2(commercialNode,'170x90',false,'') Periscope National News International Next 2008 ... Video Top Story Why Is Anti-Immigrant Violence Rising in Italy? My Journey to the Top Latest News 3 shark attacks have Mexico resort area in panic var pid = '30178'; Andrew Ehrenkranz AFRICA Ebola Epicenter An on-scene report from the Ugandan town hit hardest by the latest outbreak of the deadly virus. By Andrew Ehrenkranz Updated: 6:43  p.m. ET Dec 11, 2007 From the Editors New Ebola Strain: Many Unknowns Ebola: New Strain Hits Uganda See All Recommended Ebola: New Strain Hits Uganda 'Hot Zone II'?

46. Main ProMED-mail Similar pages allAfrica.com Uganda Suspected ebola Cases Under ProbeMar 3, 2008 allAfrica African news and information for a global audience. http://www.promedmail.org/pls/askus/f?p=2400:1000:

47. Ebola It is named after the ebola River in Zaire, Africa, nearwhere the first outbreak was noted by Dr. Ngoy Mushola in 1976 after a significant outbreak in http://www.crystalinks.com/ebola.html

Ebola Virus The virus comes from the Filoviridae family, similar to the Marburg virus. It is named after the Ebola River in Zaire, Africa, nearwhere the first outbreak was noted by Dr. Ngoy Mushola in 1976 after a significant outbreak in Yambuku, Zaire (now theDemocratic Republic of the Congo), and Nzara, in western Sudan. Of 602 identified cases, there were 397 deaths. Further outbreaks have occurred in Zaire/Congo (1995 and 2003), Gabon (1994, 1995 and 1996), and in Uganda (2000). A new subtype was identified from a single human case in the Côte d'Ivoire in 1994, EBO-CI. Of around 1500 identified Ebola cases, two-thirds of the patients have died. The animal (or other) reservoir which sustains the virus between outbreaks has not been identified. Ebola Virus History Ebola-Zaire Ebola-Zaire, the first-discovered Ebola virus, is also the most deadly. At its worst, it has a ninety percent fatality rate. There have been more outbreaks of Ebola-Zaire than any other type of Ebola virus (³Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever²). The first outbreak took place in 1976 in Yambuku, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo). Mabelo Lokela checked into the local hospital with a fever. One of the nurses assumed Lokela had malaria and gave him a quinine shot. When Lokela returned home from the hospital and died, the women of his family conducted a traditional African funeral for him. In preparation for this funeral, they removed all the blood and excreta from his body with their bare hands. Most of the women in his family died soon afterwards (Draper 19).

48. CIDRAP >> Wisconsin Lab Broke Ebola Rules, Watchdog Group Says Sep 25, 2007 (CIDRAP News) – Researchers at the University of Wisconsin at Madison (UWMadison) worked on ebola virus genetic material in a lab that lacked http://id-center.apic.org/cidrap/content/bt/bioprep/news/sep2507ebola(2).html

Home About Us Center Support Contact Us ... Chemical Terrorism BIOTERRORISM >> GENERAL BIOTERRORISM INFORMATION NEWS Printable Page Wisconsin lab broke Ebola rules, watchdog group says Lisa Schnirring Staff Writer UW-Madison's institutional biosafety committee (IBC) wrongly allowed well-known influenza researcher Yoshihiro Kawaoka to work with Ebola genetic material in a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) lab, though federal rules require use of a BSL-4 lab for such work, the Sunshine Project, based in Austin, Tex., reported on Sep 19. BSL-4 is the highest biosecurity rating. The university stopped the research in October 2006 after the National Institutes of Health (NIH) said a BSL-4 lab was required, even though the university disagreed, according to UW-Madison officials. The NIH was funding the research. Ebola is a highly contagious virus that causes a hemorrhagic fever and is lethal in about 50% to 90% of cases. Because the Ebola virus is so dangerous, the US government lists it as a category A bioterrorism agent. There is no vaccine or specific treatment for the disease. The Web site for Kawaoka's lab says that in addition to work on influenza viruses, researchers are exploring the molecular pathogenesis of the Ebola virus and have established a reverse-genetics system for generating the virus, which they hope to use for vaccine production and the identification of antiviral medication targets.

49. Fighting Disease: Disease List--EBOLA There are at least four subtypes of ebola virus the original strain isolated from Zaire in 1976 and subsequently reappearing in 1995; a subtype isolated http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/special/health/disease/ebola.htm

EBOLA Tables and Charts: Cases of Ebola reported to WHO AGENT Ebola virus is a member of the virus family Filoviridae. DESCRIPTION The Ebola virus is one of the most pathogenic viruses known to science, causing death in 50-90% of all clinically ill cases. TRANSMISSION By direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or semen of the infected person. Transmission by semen may occur up to seven weeks after recovery. Health care workers are frequently infected while caring for the ill or dead patient. It can be transmitted by infected needles. SYMPTOMS Ebola haemorrhagic fever is often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, limited kidney and liver functions, and both internal and external bleeding. INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION chart of reported cases TREATMENT No specific treatment or vaccine exists for Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Severe cases require intensive supportive care, as patients are frequently dehydrated and in need of intravenous fluids. Experimental studies involving the use of hyperimmune sera on animals demonstrated no long-term protection against the disease after interruption of therapy. PREVENTION Suspected cases should be isolated from other patients and strict barrier nursing techniques practised. any person who has had close physical contact with patients should be kept under strict surveillance, i.e. body temperature twice a day

50. Ebola ebola belongs to a family of viruses entitled Filoviridae, and is commonly classified as a viral hemorrhagic fever (CDC, 2002). The known causes of viral http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Immunology/Students/Spring2003/Austin/Immune

This is a student webpage made for an assignment at Davidson College in Dr. Campbell's Immunology Course Overview of the Virus Ebola Ebola belongs to a family of viruses entitled Filoviridae, and is commonly classified as a viral hemorrhagic fever (CDC, 2002). The known causes of viral hemorrhagic fever include arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses. All virions classified as hemorrhagic are enveloped (covered) RNA viruses, whose survival is dependent on an animal reservoir. Viral hemorrhagic fever commonly describes a medical scenario in which multiple organ systems of the body are affected as well as extensive internal hemorrhaging (bleeding) (WHO,2000). Ebola along with the Marburg virus are the only viruses identified in the Filoviridae family (CDC,2002). Filovirus virions are characterized by having one molecule of single stranded, negative-sense RNA, as well as their unique "U" shaped structures (CDC, 2002). Figures 1 and 2 show scanning electron micrographs of Ebola. Figure 1 was the first photograph ever taken of Ebola in 1976.

51. Molecular And Cell Biology Dept Redirect Page An exhaustive list of news links about all aspects of ebola, provided by Dr. Ed Rybicki. http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/ebopage.html

The new address for the Ebola page is http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/ebola/ebopage.htm Please change your bookmarks You will be automatically redirected to the new location in 10 seconds.

52. Ebola Virus Life Cycle Graphic - Image By Russell Kightley Media Computer graphic showing ebola virus reproducing in a cell. Includes relevant links on the biology and ultrastructure of ebola. http://www.rkm.com.au/VIRUS/EBOLA/

VIRUS PICTURES: Ebola email about photos art ... Buy Images science gifts ALL DESIGNS T-shirts Mugs Clocks Mousepads Ornaments Pillows Framed Tiles Magnets Greeting Cards Posters Framed Prints Boxes Journals Enter your search terms Submit search form Web www.rkm.com.au Home virus pictures / Picture of Ebola virus replication or life cycle Illustration shows Ebola Virus life Cycle. Above image measures 400 pixels across, original image is 3300 pixels across. (above) Ebola virus docks with cell membrane at middle left. Viral RNA (yellow) is released into the cytoplasm where it directs the production of new viral proteins and genetic material. New viral genomes are rapidly coated in protein to create cores. These viral cores stack up in the cell and migrate to the cell surface. Transmembrane proteins (purple) are produced which are ferried to the cell surface. Cores push their way through the cell membrane becoming enveloped in cell membrane and collecting their transmembrane proteins (spikes) as they do so. Examples of coiled virions are shown in the background. CLASSIFICATION OF THE EBOLA VIRUS: GENOME: single stranded negative sense RNA Order: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Subfamily: Genus: Ebola like viruses Species: Ebola Personal References: With many thanks to Dr Frederick A. Murphy

53. Ebola Virus Disarmed By Excising A Single Gene (Jan. 21, 2008) Jan 21, 2008 The deadly ebola virus, an emerging public health concern in Africa and a potential biological weapon, ranks among the most feared of exotic http://www.news.wisc.edu/14634

UW-Madison Home News from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Search term: Submit search: UW-Madison News > Ebola virus disarmed by exc... Ebola virus disarmed by excising a single gene Jan. 21, 2008 by Terry Devitt The deadly Ebola virus, an emerging public health concern in Africa and a potential biological weapon, ranks among the most feared of exotic pathogens. Due to its virulent nature, and because no vaccines or treatments are available, scientists studying the agent have had to work under the most stringent biocontainment protocols, limiting research to a few highly specialized labs and hampering the ability of scientists to develop countermeasures. Now, however, a team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison has figured out a way to genetically disarm the virus, effectively confining it to a set of specialized cells and making the agent safe to study under conditions far less stringent than those currently imposed. "We wanted to make biologically contained Ebola virus," explains Yoshihiro Kawaoka , a professor of pathobiological sciences in the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine and the senior author of a paper describing the system for containing the virus published today (Jan. 21, 2008) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "This is a great system."

54. Profile For: Ebola Profile. ebola; Member Since Feb 4th, 2008. Are you ebola? If So, Login Here. Activity. Joystiq 19 Comments. Engadget 7 Comments. PS3 Fanboy 4 Comments http://www.joystiq.com/profile/1742967/

Skip to Content Joystiq has your stash of criminally complete GTA IV news! Recent Comments: Toshiba: "no plans" to adopt Blu-ray Engadget Feb 19th 2008 4:42AM That's not the point Paul. We go to this site because it is in fact a Great website that does not offend. There are far worst pictures out there, yes; I look at them, but I do not expect to see it on Engadget. So if the holocausts happened half a century ago it's not relevant? Slight You're funny! I'm not horrified. I suspect a lot of media outlets use this site to get information. Just be humane about these things. Toshiba: "no plans" to adopt Blu-ray Engadget Feb 19th 2008 4:04AM What's with this picture Thomas Ricker? Did you not learn history? You might of well posted a picture of the World trade center falling over and Typed HD-DVD on it. Classy to say the least... The best video game costumes at Katsucon '08 Joystiq Feb 18th 2008 2:56AM Did this person just take pictures of the most mundane costumes and women? So sad... Xbox 360 Fanboy Feb 15th 2008 8:23PM This is just as bad as getting a free month to XBL after your 360 dies, and it takes a month to get it back.

55. Ebola Homes For Sale Apartments At Ebola2004.com car accessories cellular cell phone deals download ringtones video games. http://www.ebola2004.com/

56. Ebola ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers (Note ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers (HFs) are discussed together because of similarities between them. http://www3.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/ebola.htm

Back to Infectious Diseases or Refugees Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fevers (Note: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers (HFs) are discussed together because of similarities between them. Last update 11/2001. Primary Distribution : Ebola: The Congo, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Gabon, and most recently, Uganda in East, Central, and West Africa. Marburg: Uganda and Kenya in West Africa (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2000; World Health Organization [WHO], 2000). Agent and Vector : The agents for Ebola and Marburg HFs are virions that are members of the Filoviridae family, which is passed human to human through exposure to body fluids or by other means, including handling equipment touched by infected persons. The virus is also transmitted by handling infected animal (primate) tissue. The animal host is not known. Ebola and Marburg HFs are highly contagious, especially in later stages. The CDC has guidelines for management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 1996). Ebola and Marburg HFs are considered by the CDC to be Category A biological warfare (BW) agents (CDC, 2000). See bioterror box below. Incubation : 3-16 days.

57. Ebola Virus Disarmed By Excising A Single Gene The deadly ebola virus, an emerging public health concern in Africa and a potential biological weapon, ranks among the most feared of exotic pathogens. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/uow-evd011608.php

Public release date: 21-Jan-2008 E-mail Article Contact: Yoshihiro Kawaoka kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu University of Wisconsin-Madison Ebola virus disarmed by excising a single gene MADISON - The deadly Ebola virus, an emerging public health concern in Africa and a potential biological weapon, ranks among the most feared of exotic pathogens. Due to its virulent nature, and because no vaccines or treatments are available, scientists studying the agent have had to work under the most stringent biocontainment protocols, limiting research to a few highly specialized labs and hampering the ability of scientists to develop countermeasures. Now, however, a team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison has figured out a way to genetically disarm the virus, effectively confining it to a set of specialized cells and making the agent safe to study under conditions far less stringent than those currently imposed. "We wanted to make biologically contained Ebola virus," explains Yoshihiro Kawaoka, a professor of pathobiological sciences in the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine and the senior author of a paper describing the system for containing the virus published today (Jan. 21, 2008) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "This is a great system." The Ebola virus first emerged in 1976 with outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire. There are several strains of the virus, which causes hemorrhagic fever and during outbreaks kills anywhere from 50-90 percent of its human victims.

58. Ebola And Wild Apes | Peter Walsh's Website At Max Planck Institute For Evolutio Over the last 15 years outbreaks of the ebola virus have killed tens of thousands of gorillas and chimpanzees, including about one quarter of the world http://email.eva.mpg.de/~walsh/

Over the last 15 years outbreaks of the Ebola virus have killed tens of thousands of gorillas and chimpanzees, including about one third of the world population of gorillas in protected areas. This website provides information on what has caused the outbreaks, how bad the impact has been, and what you can do to help. Home Projects Publications Multimedia How can you help? ... Contact Western Lowland Gorillas moved to the Critically Endangered status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 On Wednesday, 12th of September 2007, the The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) announced their newest assessment of the Earth's plants and animals - the Red List of Threatened Species: A reassessment of our closest relatives, the great apes, has revealed a grim picture. The Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) has moved from Endangered to Critically Endangered, after the discovery that the main subspecies, the Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), has been decimated by the commercial bushmeat trade and the Ebola virus. Their population has declined by more than 60% over the last 20-25 years, with about one third of the total population found in protected areas killed by the Ebola virus over the last 15 years. Read the full press release on IUCN website Read the interview with Peter Walsh on orato.com

59. Virology EbolaPICs ebola Reston virus in tissue cullture by coutesy of Dr.Miranda (Research Instiute The ebola virus. Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control. http://users.bergen.org/dondew/bio/cellbio/cellbio2ebolaPICs.html

All the Ebola Pictures I Know Of Last Update: 12/12/03 Return to Virology Ebola Internet links Click on any image to find its source. from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France Electron micrograph of Ebola Zaire virus. This is the first photo ever taken,on 10/13/1976 by Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at UC Davis, then at CDC. Diagnostic specimen in cell culture at 160,000 x magnification. (From Access Excellence) Also found at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/25000000.htm Ebola Reston virus in tissue cullture by coutesy of Dr.Miranda (Research Instiute for Tropical Medicine, Philippines), Drs Sanchez and Humphrey (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta) Ebola (subtype ?) The Ebola virus. Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control. Ebola Reston from from A Brief Epidemiological History of Ebola Envelope Glycoprotein from the Ebola Virus The core of the Ebola protein thought to mediate membrane fusion, denoted Ebo-74, from EBOLA AND HIV AS AMBASSADORS OF THE RAINFOREST Ebola Reston?

60. ISG15 Inhibits Ebola VP40 VLP Budding In An L-domain-dependent Manner By Blockin ebola virus budding is mediated by the VP40 matrix protein. VP40 can bud from mammalian cells independent of other viral proteins, and efficient release of http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/105/10/3974

Published online on February 27, 2008, 10.1073/pnas.0710629105 March 11, 2008 This Article Figures Only Full Text Full Text (PDF) ... Citation Map Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed ... Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via CrossRef Google Scholar Articles by Okumura, A. Articles by Harty, R. N. PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Okumura, A. Articles by Harty, R. N. Social Bookmarking What's this? Previous Article Table of Contents Next Article BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / MICROBIOLOGY ISG15 inhibits Ebola VP40 VLP budding in an L-domain-dependent manner by blocking Nedd4 ligase activity Atsushi Okumura Paula M. Pitha , and Ronald N. Harty *Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231 Edited by Diane E. Griffin, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, and approved January 15, 2008 (received for review November 9, 2007)

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