1. Lichens Of North America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, lichens and people, and the book of the same title, which was published in 2001. http://www.lichen.com/

The Book Lichen Biology and the Environment Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press. For more information about the book, please go to The Book . For a brief introduction to lichen biology and how lichens interact with the greater environment, go to Lichen Biology and the Environment . Information about lichens and wildlife, including invertebrates, can be found at Lichens and Wildlife . For a description of how people have made use of lichens, including an extensive bibliographical database, click on Lichens and People . Check out the Useful Links For photos of lichens see: Lichen Sampler "and what do lichens look like, Steve?" Toronto public radio host amazing diversity of forms and colors Lichen Portrait Gallery over 80 species portraits from the book Lichen Species List I have photos of over 1,400 different species of lichens. To see a complete list of them, go to

2. Lichens An illustrated introduction to the lichens with information on their ecology and reproduction. http://www.backyardnature.net/lichens.htm

LICHEN STRUCTURE: S tructurally, lichens are among the most bizarre of all forms of life. That's because every lichen species is actually composed of two, possibly even three, distinct species of organisms. One species is a kind of fungus . Usually the other species is an alga , but sometimes it can be a photosynthesizing bacterium known as a cyanobacterium . Sometimes all three organisms are found in one lichen. The drawing at the right gives an idea of what fungal hyphae wrapping around alga cells might look like at the microscopic level. Since all three kinds of organism are profoundly different from one another, what lichens do is almost like merging a shrub with a dog to produce something that looks and lives unlike either shrub or dog! In this amazing association the fungus benefits from the algae because fungi, having no chlorophyll, can't photosynthesize their own food. A lichen's fungal part is thus "fed" by its photosynthesizing algal part. The algae benefit from the association because the fungus is better able to find, soak up, and retain water and nutrients than the algae. Also, the fungus gives the resulting lichen shape, and provides the reproductive structures. This kind of relationship between two or more organisms, where both organisms benefit , is known as mutualism The main body of a lichen is called a thallus At the left you see the British Soldier Lichen Cladonia cristatella . It's only about ¼-inch high (6 mm). In this common lichen the red spore-producing reproductive structures are clearly visible. The lichen's name

3. Lichen - Encyclopedia Of Earth lichens have traditionally been referred to as a prime example of a symbiotic relationship. Each lichen consists of an intimate association between a fungus http://www.eoearth.org/article/Lichen

Author Login Encyclopedia of Earth Search Earthportal Earthnews Encyclopedia of Earth Forum EoE Pages Home About the EoE Community of Scholars FAQs ... Reviews Browse the EoE Titles (A-Z) Author Topics Topic Editor ... Collections Lichen Table of Contents Introduction Morphology Reproduction Importance Lead Author: Paul D. N. Hebert (other articles) Content Partner: Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (other articles) Article Topics: Algae and Ecology This article has been reviewed and approved by the following Topic Editor: Russell Chapman (other articles) Last Updated: March 2, 2007 Introduction Tidal zone showing marine lichens. Dark Band ( Verrucaria sp.) and White Band ( Coccotrema maritium ). (Photo by Stephen Sharnoff) Lichens have traditionally been referred to as a prime example of a symbiotic relationship. Each lichen consists of an intimate association between a fungus and a species of algae. The algae within the lichen photosynthesizes, providing food for both symbionts. The fungus protects the alga from harmful light intensities, produces a substance that accelerates photosynthesis in the algae, and absorbs and retains water and minerals for both organisms. There is physiological and ultrastructural evidence that suggests the fungus

4. Lichens lichens is Lowe s personal vehicle, created for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. lichens has performed in Chicago, beginning at the http://www.kranky.net/artists/lichens.html

Lichens biography Robert Lowe plays bass and sings in 90 Day Men. 90 Day Men have released three albums and several EPs, rapidly developing from an angular, harsh post-punk band into their current expansive, near-progressive swirl of guitars, keyboards and vocals. He has also collaborated on tour with Castanets. Lichens is Lowe's personal vehicle, created for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. Lichens has performed in Chicago, beginning at the Arthur magazine sponsored Million Tongues Festival in summer 2004 and New York solo and in duos. Lichens live is a transfixing experience, looping wordless vocals into curtains of drone. Lowe adds acoustic and electric guitars, percussion and other effects to create alternately thick and delicate works. Lowe has recorded and released a Lichens CD-R on his own, each hand assembled and released in a limited edition. Lichens contributed a track to the One Bright Sunny Day compilation CD, the debut releases from the Chicago-based IC Recordings label. Further touring is planned. In addition to the release of The Psychic Nature of Being (which is being released on vinyl by the estimable folk/psych/heavy imprint Holy Mountain) Chocolate Industries is releasing a limited edition 7 inch single by Lichens packaged inside a book of art Lowe curated with contributions by Jon Beasley, Justin Schaeffer, Devendra Banhart and others. Recorded as a one-time improvisation without overdubbing, the three tracks on

5. Introduction To Lichens Information about lichens including fossil record, life history, ecology, morphology and systematics. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html

Introduction to Lichens an alliance between kingdoms Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather it is a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. Most of the lichen is composed of fungal filaments , but living among the filaments are algal cells, usually from a green alga or a cyanobacterium In many cases the fungus and the alga which together make the lichen may each be found living in nature without its partner, but many other lichens include a fungus which cannot survive on its own it has become dependent on its algal partner for survival. In all cases though, the appearance of the fungus in the lichen is quite different from its morphology as a separately growing individual. The true identity of lichens as symbiotic associations of two different organisms was first proposed by Beatrix Potter, who is best remembered for her children's books about Peter Rabbit. In addition to her books, she spent time studying and drawing lichens. Her illustrations are still appreciated for their detailed and accurate portrayal of the delicate beauty of these bizarre organisms. Click on the buttons below to learn more about lichens.

6. Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database General information for young students including synoptic key and photos. http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/

Lichenland has moved! You can now explore lichens at our new address Explore Lichenland Thanks for your continued interest Questions and comments to Webmaster

7. The Friendly World Of Lichens Front page to the Friendly World of lichens. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/

By g.ramel@earthlife.net

8. Natural Perspective: Lichens (Phylum: Mycophycophyta) If the other fungi are nature s recyclers, lichens are nature s pioneers. lichens find their homes in some of the most barren and inhospitable parts of the http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/lichens.html

Page 16 of 38 Natural Perspective The Fungus Kingdom : Lichens (Last modified: 15 July 1997) If the other fungi are nature's recyclers, lichens are nature's pioneers. Lichens find their homes in some of the most barren and inhospitable parts of the world. From there they slowly begin the process of creating a foundation for habitation by others. Lichens are among the most fascinating organisms on this planet. Their very structure is unique: a symbioses of two organisms a fungus and algae so complete that they behave and look like an entirely new being. A lichen can literally eat stones, survive severe cold, and remain dormant for long periods without harm. Lichens rank among the least well known forms of life. Common names, when available, typically apply to the entire genus rather than to indvidual species. Classification of lichens is undergoing change as well. In fact, Mycologists now suggest eliminating the Lichens as a Phylum and, instead, reclassifying each invidual lichen according to its fungal component mostly Sac Fungi ( Ascomycota . Never-the-less, lichens look so different from other fungi that they deserve separate treatment here.

9. Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database Offers ways to find out more about lichens including Lichenlite, an introduction for children. For more advanced study there is a synoptic key and an http://ocid.nacse.org/lichenland/

Lichens are a successful alliance between a fungus and an alga. Each doing what it does best, and thriving as a result of a natural cooperation. They live as one organism, both inhabiting the same body. Here we offer some ways of finding out more. Lichens - A friendly alliance! - Witness the meeting - Find out about Lichen Biology LichenLand Main Door : A fun way for novitiates to get into the game, with teaching aides to help you learn about lichens. Lichen Lite : An introduction to Lichens and the query interface Synoptic Key : to Some NW Lichens, Provides additional character choices. These lichen pages provided with NSF funding and in association with Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University and Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Acknowledgements People who kindly contributed time, photographs, ideas, and materials to this project. References used to construct these pages Other Lichen and Biology sites to explore Questions and comments to Webmaster

10. USDA- Forest Service PNW Lichens And Air Quality Lichen inventory data are added to this database. Forests choose priority areas for monitoring and intensity of sampling level. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen/

The R6 Lichens HomePage Alectoria sarmentosa (above), abundant in forested mountains of the Pacific Northwest, reflects the region's generally good air quality. Air Quality Biomonitoring Program on National Forests of Northwest Oregon and Southwest Washington Information Available Query the Lichens, Mosses and Air Quality Database Get Lichen Drawings, Illustrations are by Alexander Mikulin, mag@proaxis.com Air Quality and Lichens - A Literature Review Emphasizing the Pacific Northwest, USA A graphic example of air pollution and its effects on lichen abundance and distribution Pollution effects on lichen morphology Lichen sensitivity ratings defined Lichen sensitivity ratings by species (with images) National Forest lichen inventory data Regional Contacts Link to other lichen information resources BACKGROUND INFORMATION Beginning in 1993 and 1994, managers of the Willamette, Siuslaw, Deschutes, Gifford Pinchot and Mt. Hood National Forests and the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area pooled resources to develop a unified approach for biomonitoring air quality using non-vascular plants. They wanted information which would be comparable across Forest boundaries and interface with other Forest, regional and national databases. The primary objectives of the program are to help Forests meet federal and agency responsibilities for the detection and description of air pollution impacts and the protection of Forest air resources. Secondary objectives are to improve our understanding of the ecological roles of non-vascular plants and to develop their potential as indicators of forest health, stability and biodiversity.

11. An Introduction To Lichens A lichen looks like a single organism, but it is actually a symbiotic relationship between different organisms. It is composed of a fungal partner http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/

An Introduction to Lichens by Salvatore De Santis Herbarium Intern A lichen looks like a single organism, but it is actually a symbiotic relationship between different organisms. It is composed of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and one or more photosynthetic partners (photobiont). The photosynthetic partner is generally green algae or cyanobacteria. There are about 13,500 species of lichen on the Earth. It is debated whether the relationship in a lichen is mutualistic or part of a controlled parasitism . On one hand, the fungus and the photobiont seem to be in a mutualistic relationship because when they are combined, they have the ability to deal with ecological conditions that neither part would be able to handle on its own. It also seems that neither partner is damaged by the other. Upon taking a closer look at a lichen, some might say that the photobiont is a captive of the mycobiont, not a partner. The fungal partner "enslaves" the photobiont to feed from the photobiont’s photosynthesis. In a lichen, the mycobiont produces a

12. California Lichen Society Home Page: Supplanted The California Lichen Society seeks to promote the appreciation, conservation, and study of the lichens. The focus of the Society is on California, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/cals.html

The California Lichen Society The official California Lichen Society page is now being maintained at Californialichens.org Revised Catalog of Lichens, Lichenicoles, and Allied Fungi in California by Shirley Tucker and Bruce Ryan now available The California Lichen Society seeks to promote the appreciation, conservation, and study of the lichens. The focus of the Society is on California, but its interests include the entire western part of the continent. The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society, which is published twice a year, welcomes manuscripts on technical topics in lichenology relating to western North America and on conservation of lichens, as well as news of lichenologists and their activities. Technical articles are peer-reviewed. Back issues are on line. Subscription and membership information. Back issues of the Bulletin Volume 1(1): Summer 1994 Volume 1(2): Winter 1994 Volume 2(1): Summer 1995 Volume 2(2): Winter 1995 ... Volume 6(2): Winter 1999 Announcements: Upcoming events The California Lichen Society now has an email discussion group and website for latebreaking news and notes for the membership and forum for discussion amongst the membership. To join the group, go to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CaliforniaLichens

13. Lichens lichens is Rob Lowe s (90 Day Men) vehicle for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. lichens is a transfixing experience that loops http://www.holymountain.com/lichens.html

Home Artists Discography News ... Media Lichens Cloudland Canyon / Lichens - Exterminating Angel [051962] Exterminating Angel This collaboration between the mellow, Memphis-meets-Germany duo of Kip Ulhorn and Simon Wojan (a.k.a. Cloudland Canyon) and Chicago's great rock 'n' roll concierge and knower-of-mystics Mr. Robert Lowe (a.k.a. Lichens) was born on a trip to the West Coast of the United States a few years ago. Exterminating Angel's single 30-minute track uses voice, guitar, samplers, and ARP synthesizer. You've heard of the unmade science fiction epic whose would-be director proposed using different big-name progressive bands to perform a soundtrack for specific planets used in the script; here then are the sounds accompanying a spacecraft that's a combination Death Star and Taco Bell from the 1970s filled with cement Mayan temples and pyramids populated by large, snappily dressed reptilian beings. Every so often a bell goes off to break the spell and presents convincing evidence of this record's special journey. Purchase from Midheaven Mailorder Purchase from Aquarius Records Lichens - Psychic Nature of Being [70258LP] Kirilian Auras Shore Line Scoring You Are Excrement If You Can Turn Yourself Into Gold Lichens is Rob Lowe's (90 Day Men) vehicle for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. Lichens is a transfixing experience that loops wordless vocals into curtains of ghostly drone which Lowe makes witchier with the addition of both acoustic and electric guitars, percussion and other effects.

14. PathFinder Science | Lichens And SO2 | Creating The Context | Index Research has indicated that lichens and some very small organisms living on them can be used to assess atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide, SO2. http://pathfinderscience.net/so2/

Home Teachers Mentors Discussions ... Find Lichens, Tardigrades, and SO2 Creating the Context Index Creating the Context Home Research Focus Background Info Research Methods ... Further Research Guided Research Research Question Background Info Research Methods Data Submission ... Research Values Student Research Doing Research Publish View Tools Discussions Email List Lichen Links Lichen Map ... Project Awards Assorted lichens above. R esearch has indicated that lichens and some very small organisms living on them can be used to assess atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide, SO . Lichens are unique organisms composed of either an algae or a cyanobacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with a fungus. When they are exposed to some kinds of air pollutants, especially to SO , lichens are injured and die. Tardigrades (water bears) live on the lichen and are an interesting organism for study all on their own! How much of a tree that lichens cover may make a good indicator of air pollution in the area. The effect of these pollutants may also be observed on the distribution and diversity of a simple community living on the lichens, the tardigrades. Determining the percent lichen coverage on the tree and tardigrade density and diversity in your area may lead you to discover some interesting patterns on where and how these organisms lead. The may also lead you to ask research questions about why things are the way they are. Let's begin by asking some questions that will help focus this interesting work . You can begin this project by clicking on the Research Focus in Creating the Context.

15. Lichen Resources And Collections, Botany Department, Smithsonian The lichen collection of the U.S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, with approximately 250000 specimens, is the largest lichen collection in http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/lichens/

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Donate Search Field: Search Submit: Advanced Search Plan Your Visit Exhibitions Education ... Calendar Lichen Resources Collections and Facilities On-line Databases and Other Publications NSF PEET Project PEET III (2000) ... Botany Lichen Resources Lichen Collections and Facilities Lichen Collection of the U.S. National Herbarium For other information about the lichen collection or for loan requests, please contact museum specialist Greg McKee ( mckeeg@si.edu ) or the Department of Botany Collections Manager, Rusty Russell ( russellr@si.edu Research Materials and Libraries In addition to the specimens, the lichen collection contains associated research materials, including microscope slides, chemical extracts, chemical identification plates, SEM photographs and negatives from Mason E. Hale and frozen lichen tissues, DNA samples, and a small number of living cultures from Paula DePriest. An associated literature collection includes Hale's research notes, collecting notebooks, photographs and kodachrome slides; an extensive modern reprint collection; and a large library of lichen literature. The library includes the Stevenson collection of rare and historic literature, as well as a number of contemporary books. The library is supplemented by the Department of Botany Branch Library, which subscribes to all major lichenological serials and purchases major lichenological works. Databases and Products of Lichen Research Projects [Note: The link to these databases will open a new browser window. To return to this page, close the new window.]

16. Lichens Of Wisconsin WISCONSIN lichens. Wisconsin State Herbarium University of Wisconsin Madison (WIS). Currently Available Photographs, Distribution maps (614 taxa) http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wislichens/

W ISCONSIN L ICHENS Wisconsin State Herbarium: University of Wisconsin - Madison (WIS Currently Available: Photographs, Distribution maps (614 taxa) SEARCH Name Proposed Status County BROWSE Genera Common Names Featured Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria by M.T. Trest Rare Lichens of Wisconsin Other Lichen Links Web Site Information ... Vascular Plants Herbarium, Department of Botany: University of Wisconsin - Madison 430 Lincoln Drive Madison, WI 53706-1381U.S.A. Phone: (608)-262-2792 Fax: (608)-262-7509 Designated the official "WisconsinState Herbarium" by the Wisconsin Legislature in 1995. University of Wisconsin Board of Regents Funding for this project provided in part by the Elizabeth Souter bequest to the Botanical Club of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin-Madison Herbarium Last revised: January 18, 2003 University of Wisconsin - Madison

17. MIN Lichen Herbarium Page Welcome to the home page of the Univ. of Minnesota Lichen Herbarium . From here you can visit any of the following pages that give lists of the lichens in http://www.tc.umn.edu/~wetmore/Herbarium/HERBHOME.htm

MIN Lichen Herbarium Home Welcome to the home page of the Univ. of Minnesota Lichen Herbarium . From here you can visit any of the following pages that give lists of the lichens in the various databases. The lichen herbarium has over 135,000 lichens from all over the world. This includes over 20,000 in the exsiccat database. From the list below select the database for further choices Lichens of Minnesota Lichens of US and Canada except Minnesota and Hawaii Lichens of all other parts of the world. Lichen ... Transfer Return to C. Wetmore Home Clifford Wetmore Bell Museum Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul MN Last updated : 11 November, 2005 E- mail : wetmore@tc.umn.edu The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author. The contents of this page have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author. The contents of this page have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author.

18. Lichens And Air Quality Monitoring Welcome to the web pages of the USDA Forest Service National lichens and Air Quality Database and Clearinghouse. Across the US, lichen biomonitoring is http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/

United States Forest Service Home Database Queries Explanation Lichen Plot Data ... Air Program Contacts Welcome! Welcome to the web pages of the USDA Forest Service National Lichens and Air Quality Database and Clearinghouse. Across the US, lichen biomonitoring is helping federal land managers meet federal and agency responsibilities to detect, map, evaluate trends, and assess the ecological impacts of air pollutants. On these pages you can access lichen data from the National Forest system and find out more about lichens and lichen monitoring in general. Website Features Database Queries Query the USFS database of lichen species by geographic area or sensitivity class; retrieve lichen elemental analysis data Aids for interpreting lichen data Full articles, citations and PowerPoint presentations pertaining to lichens and air quality monitoring in national forests and parks Lichen Images Get a drawing or photograph of a lichen, submit your own images Fun with Lichens Resources for teachers, students, naturalists Links to Other Resources Websites for further exploration Lichens and Air Quality Workgroup Homepage Uses of lichen data by federal land managers, resources for managers, ongoing federal and university programs

19. Endangered Lichens List of species protected by law in different countries. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/endlich.html

ENDANGERED LICHENS IUCN Global Red List of Lichens Lichens that are protected by law in the countries listed. UNITED KINGDOM Under the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Species listed on Schedule 8. Bryoria furcellata Forked hair-lichen Buellia asterella Starry breck-lichen Caloplaca luteoalba Orange-fruited elm-lichen Caloplaca nivalis Snow caloplaca Catapyrenium psoromoides Tree catapyrenium Catillaria laureri Laurer's catillaria Cladonia stricta Upright mountain-lichen Collema dichotomum River jelly-lichen Gyalecta ulmi Elm gyalecta Heterodermia leucomelos Ciliate strap-lichen Heterodermia propagulifera Coralloid rosette-lichen Lecanactis hemisphaerica Churchyard lichen Lecanora achariana Tarn lecanora Lecidea inops Copper lecidea Nephroma arcticum Arctic kidney-lichen Pannaria ignobilis Caledonian pannaria Parmelia minarum New Forest parmelia Parmentaria chilensis Oil-stained parmentaria Peltigera lepidophora Ear-lobed dog-lichen Pertusaria bryontha Alpine moss-pertusaria Physcia tribacioides Southern grey physcia Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Ragged pseudocyphellaria Psora rubiformis Rusty alpine psora Solenopsora liparina Serpentine solenopsora Squamarina lentigera Scaly breck-lichen Teloschistes flavicans Golden hair-lichen For further information contact Dr. B. Coppins.

20. Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium The Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium currently houses over 109000 fully accessioned and databased lichen specimens from all over the world. http://nhc.asu.edu/lichens/

Home General Information Search the Collection Types ... Collections The Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium currently houses over 109,000 fully accessioned and databased lichen specimens from all over the world. A significant fraction of these specimens are being revised in the context of the Greater Sonoran Desert Flora Project funded by the National Science Foundation Due to lack of personnel, the ASU Lichen Herbarium will be closed during each summer (May 15 through Aug. 15). The third and final volume of the Greater Sonoran Desert Lichen Flora has been published!! Find out how to order a copy... Lichens are the most complex form of life now known to have survived prolonged exposure to space! Read More Here... We remember Bruce Douglas Ryan Associate Lichen Curator, ASU Lichen Herbarium Born: September 13, 1950 Died: January 22, 2004 Browse the HISTORIC COLLECTION of Brother Ars¨ne Brouard , New Mexico Dimelaena oreina (top, pale yellow thallus) and

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