21. Taxonomy Of Philippine Lichens Brief information and links by researcher Isidro T. Savillo. http://www.geocities.com/lichens_2001/lichens_2001.html

Taxonomy of Philippine Lichens Scientific Links: This Web Page is dedicated to the Taxonomic Identification of Philippine Lichens . New species and varieties as well as those subjected to nomenclature change/modification will be highlighted with their photographs displayed. Welcome to the Lichens of the Philippines Information Center! WebPage of Prof. Isidro Antonio T. Savillo* ** *He was a recipient of the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) Research and Study Visit **At present, he is a Research Associate/ Collaborating Scientist in the Philippines in the U.S. funded project, Planetary Biodiversity Inventory: The Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans SWS (Society for Wetland Scientists) ASIA CHAPTER NEW!! SWS Asia Chapter Web Page *By going places, unexpectedly , one encounters interesting lichens thus these two forthcoming articles: A Foliicolous Lichen Enclountered in Guimaras Island and the other article, Ramalina sp . at an aging Ceiba pentranda The latter was on the middle of a farmland of a former student. The Foliicolous lichen was seen on leaves of a Croton and that of a young shrubby mango comprising the garden infront of a nipa house. How surprising that they add to the decorative looks of the plants!! As if it was just a part of a garden...but was never cultivated! A product of "unconscious" gardening.

22. Lichens – Listen Free At Last.fm Listen to lichens (Crowley Framework, Shore Line Scoring more). Tagged as ambient, postrock, experimental. People who like lichens also like http://www.last.fm/music/Lichens

Music Users Listen Events ... Log in or Sign up Upload music and videos Help English ... Journals Loading… Lichens (read more) 57,836 plays scrobbled on Last.fm Robert Lowe plays bass and sings with 90 Day Men Lichens The Psychic Nature of Being was recorded as a one time improvisation. Edit this artist description Listen Now Track Time Listeners Download Add this track to your playlist Crowley Framework full track Add this track to your playlist Shore Line Scoring Buy Add this track to your playlist ... Buy var togglerStrings = Array("(show all 10)", "(hide all 10)"); Radio (show all 10) Play Lichens’s Similar Artists Including: Charalambides Grouper Stars of the Lid Tim Hecker ... Sir Richard Bishop and more Embed Embed on Netlog Add on Bebo Add on Facebook Auto embed on MySpace Embed on LiveJournal Embed on Blogger Embed on Wordpress Embed on Typepad Embed anywhere else new DropDown('dropDowndd347205', 'dropDowndd347205Toggler', 'dropDowndd347205Body'); Play in pop up Play Lichens’s Top Listeners Embed Embed on Netlog Add on Bebo Add on Facebook Auto embed on MySpace Embed on LiveJournal Embed on Blogger Embed on Wordpress Embed on Typepad Embed anywhere else new DropDown('dropDowndd36801', 'dropDowndd36801Toggler', 'dropDowndd36801Body');

23. IDENTIFYING NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS--A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE Provides general lichen references including works for beginners, lichen keys online, and a lichen bibliography by genus. http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/guide/

Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University IDENTIFYING NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS: A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE General lichen references, works for beginners, lichen keys online, and a lichen bibliography by genus by Philip F. May, Irwin M. Brodo, and Theodore L. Esslinger Unless you have fast Internet access, the Guide may take a long time to access. If you are using a dial-up modem, we recommend that you store the Guide permanently on your own computer using the SAVE command of your browser. You may then quickly access it via the File menu of your browser or from your computer's directory of files. Access Guide to the Literature Now (last update 2002 October 27; 853 KB) Keys and other lichen-related pages at Harvard Harvard Herbaria homepage Links to other lichen sites

24. Midheaven Mailorder | Browse By Artist: LICHENS ***lichens is Rob Lowe s (90 Day Men, TV on the Radio) vehicle for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. lichens is a transfixing http://www.midheaven.com/artists/lichens.html

LICHENS Prices listed do not include shipping/handling. Click here for our freight chart. All prices in U.S. dollars. To order, click the white checkbox[es] to the left of the "Artist" field, then scroll to the bottom of the page and click the box marked "add checked item". HOLY MOUNTAIN Artist: LICHENS Title: Psychic Nature Of Being Format: LP Catalog Number: Price: Label: Holy Mountain Release Date: Lichens is Rob Lowe 's (90 Day Men, TV on the Radio) vehicle for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. Lichens is a transfixing experience that loops wordless vocals into curtains of ghostly drone which Lowe makes witchier with the addition of both acoustic and electric guitars, percussion and other effects. Recorded live as a one-time improvisation without overdubs, the three tracks on The Psychic Nature of Being reveal and extend already mesmerizing Lichens live performances. Holy Mountain's deluxe vinyl edition of The Psychic Nature of Being comes housed in a sturdy old-style tip-on jacket that features original artwork by Mr. Lowe not available on the CD version (to be released on Kranky in October '05). Catch it! 30-second MP3 excerpts: Kirilian Auras Shore Line Scoring You Are Excrement If You Can Turn Yourself Into Gold Go to the or Go to the Next Page: LICHT, ALAN

25. Lichens - More Than Meets The Eye - The P&PDL Picture Of The Week - Plant & Pest As deciduous trees stand bare, the greenish scaly growth of lichens on tree trunks and branches becomes more visible. Questions often arise regarding the http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/ppdl/weeklypics/1-12-04.html

Asian Soybean Rust Home About the Lab Submitting Samples ... Search Purdue Links Purdue Extension Publications Purdue Extension County Offices Purdue Agronomy Purdue Botany and Plant Pathology ... Purdue Extension January 12, 2004 Lichens - More Than Meets the Eye As deciduous trees stand bare, the greenish "scaly" growth of lichens on tree trunks and branches becomes more visible. Questions often arise regarding the health of trees in relation to the presence of lichens. Many, unaware of the unique composition of lichens, wonder if the lichens will harm the trees. Lichens are not harmful to trees. As per the following website, Lichens of North America at http://www.lichen.com/ , lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up from members of as many as three kingdoms. The dominant partner is a fungus. Fungi are incapable of making their own food and thus usually provide for themselves as parasites or decomposers. The lichen fungi (kingdom Fungi) cultivate partners that manufacture food by photosynthesis. Sometimes the partners are algae (kingdom Protista), other times cyanobacteria (kingdom Monera), formerly called blue-green algae. Some enterprising fungi exploit both at once. Lichens live as one organism, both inhabiting the same body and are merely using the trees as a place to anchor.

26. "inQuiry Almanack" - Quite Amazing! - December 1996 lichens any of various complex lower plants made up of an alga and a fungus I will do this using samples of crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens. http://www.fi.edu/qa96/amy12/amy12.html

Note: In December, 1996, Amy outlined her experiment. Amy Begins Her Investigation (3800k) Quicktime Amy Introduces Her Investigation (93k) RealAudio lichens: any of various complex lower plants made up of an alga and a fungus growing together as a new organism Purpose I am investigating the effect of acid rain pollution on different samples of lichens, and as a result, seeing if these lichens can be used as bioindicators. I will do this using samples of crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens. crustose - crustlike, flaky foliose - leaflike, papery thin fruticose-pendant - a variety of fruticose fruticose - stalked, branchlike Predictions I feel that out of the three types of lichens, the fruticose sample will be most susceptible to the acidic solution. This "beard lichen" is described as bushy and shrubby. Most commonly grown from trees, these lichens are known to grow where the air is clean and less polluted. I feel the foliose lichen sample will be the next most susceptible to the acidic solution. These lichens can be green, yellow, black, or orange and cling to rocks and trees. Foliose lichens are known to be able to survive in slightly polluted areas. The crustose lichen sample will be the least susceptible to the acidic solution. This type of lichen forms hard crusts on barks and rocks. They can survive in polluted areas and are the least developed lichen form. Procedure I will order two samples of lichen sets that include portions of crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens priced at $10.25 per set.

27. KRANK 086 - Lichens, "The Psychic Nature Of Being" lichens is the name Robert Lowe has chosen for solo performance and recording. Using his voice, guitars and an array of devices and effects The Psychic http://brainwashed.com/common/htdocs/discog/krank086.html

artist: Lichens title: The Psychic Nature Of Being catalog #: formats available: CD Release Date: October 3, 2005 Lichens is the name Robert Lowe has chosen for solo performance and recording. Using his voice, guitars and an array of devices and effects The Psychic Nature of Being was recorded at home, at Soma Studios and Camp Gay with Shelly Steffens and mastered by Griffin Rodriguez in Chicago. Each track was recorded as a one time improvisation without any overdubbing or editing. The extended tracks on The Psychic Nature of Being move from grainy shrouds of overlapping voices to shivery finger picked guitar and on into clanging percussion. It can be lyrical and mind bending, an aptreflection of Lowe's mesmerizing performances. Robert Lowe plays bass and sings in 90 Day Men. Lichens has performed in Chicago and New York solo and as a duo and collaborated with The Castanets on tour. Lichens live is a transfixing experience, looping wordless vocals into curtains of drone Lowe adds acoustic and electric guitars, percussion and other effects to create alternately thick and delicate works. Lowe has recorded and released a Lichens CD-R on his own, each hand assembled and released in a limited edition. Lichens has played a number of shows in Chicago and New York and contributed a track to the One Bright Sunny Day compilation CD. Further touring is planned. In addition to the release of

28. Ramalina On Oaks Often called Spanish Moss , lace lichen is not a moss. Lace lichen, like the green lichens on rocks in the tundra, does not hurt the host. http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/LaceLichen2.html

Oak Woodlands Home The Problem The Word "Acorn" Oak Flowers ... Natural Planting Seedlings Gophers Annual Weeds Cattle Deer Life in Mature Trees "Spanish Moss" Mistletoe Leaping Lizards Diseases, Decline ... Key to Oak Species Restoration Planting Trees Lace Lichen Many oaks have a delicate covering of lace green living material, hanging down in curtains. A very common, abundant" plant", this lace lichen, or Ramalina menziesii is a combination of fungus and algae. Often called "Spanish Moss", lace lichen is not a moss. In fact, the "Spanish Moss" of the south-eastern states in not a moss either. Their "Spanish Moss" is a member of the Bromeliad family of plants, a family that includes pineapples! Oaks often have real mosses, often growing as a carpet on the upper surfaces of large branches that are well shaded. Ramalina needs sunlight and water to grow. Given a little moisture and water, it will start photosynthesis in a matter of a few seconds, from a "dead" start. It can sit in the hot, dry summers of California, or in a museum drawer, for very long periodds of time, and appear dead. But as soon is it is wet and in the light, it springs back to life. It can grow about 30% a year and is one of the fastest growing "plants" of Hastings. We don't know why it grows more abundantly on some trees and not others, given an equal amount of open branches without leaves in the winter on otherwise similar trees.

29. The Fifth Kingdom - Pictorial Supplement To Chapter 7 - Lichens Twenty four photographs ranging from lichen covered rock faces, through individual species to magnified sections, published in a pictorial supplement to the http://www.mycolog.com/chapter7.htm

Pictorial Supplement to The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 7 Lichens - Dual Organisms (24 pictures) (CD-ROM has full text, 66 pictures and one video sequence) Exposed rock faces on the north shore of Lake Superior, Northern Ontario, almost entirely covered by lichens. Landscape near Schefferville, northern Quebec. The spruce trees are there courtesy of their ectomycorrhizal fungal partners, and the ground cover is entirely composed of lichens. crustose lichens on tree bark - road to Dingo Beach, Queensland, Australia. Verrucaria zone on rocks along shore at Letite, New Brunswick, Canada (also seen along west coast) a basidiolichen with Omphalina (Tricholomataceae) as the mycobiont, the green alga Coccomyxa as phycobiont. The association is sometimes called Botrydina (courtesy of Fred Notzel) X 1.5 model of a lichen thallus, showing round algal cells among fungal hyphae. vertical section through lichen thallus: algal cells are stained dark blue. foliose and crustose lichens on rock, Highwood Pass, Alberta, Canada X 1/3 Cladonia rangiferina ("reindeer moss") (Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales), with sterile, branched podetia

30. Lichens - Olympic National Park Olympic is covered in lichens. lichens are fungi that have formed symbiotic relationships with algal partners. The fungus provides a protective home, http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/invlichen.htm

Lichens go to biology Images What is a Lichen Olympic is covered in lichens. Lichens are fungi that have formed symbiotic relationships with algal partners. The fungus provides a protective home, water supply and nutrient source for colonies of algae and/or cyanobacteria. In return for protection, the algal cells turn loose up to 70% of all the sugars harvested from their chlorophyll . The fungus uses these sugars as food. In turn, many animals use lichens as food. Lichens best represent the cooperative relationship of fungal-algal symbiosis. A similar relationship is found between forest fungi and their tree partners. This fungal-tree symbiosis is called a mycorrhizal relationship Lichen diagram Lichens as an indicator of air pollution Lichens are intolerant of pollution (especially sulfur dioxide) and are often used as bio-indicators of pollution. Sulfur dioxide destroys chlorophyll and affects respiration. Ozone and heavy metals also damage lichens. As indicators of pollution, lichens have been used by researchers to monitor and determine the health of the atmosphere . Olympic National Park has incredibly clean air. How are the lichens doing near your home town?

31. Invasion Of Pollution-tolerant Lichens Research on the distribution of four pollutiontolerant non-native lichens in the Pacific Northwest. http://lichens.science.oregonstate.edu/invasion.htm

Invasion of Pollution-tolerant Lichens in the Pacific Northwest and Other Contributors Last updated: September 1998 Introduction The species Methods Sampling design and site selection Field procedures Recognizing the target species Data sheet Data management Results You can contribute

32. Looking For Lichens / Korstmos After overlooking them for half a century, I started noticing lichens and they amaze me by their timid splendor. Fungus and algae symbiotically creating http://zeepoeder.blogspot.com/

Looking for Lichens / Korstmos After overlooking them for half a century, I started noticing lichens and they amaze me by their timid splendor. Fungus and algae symbiotically creating wild variations of appearance and color, hues and textures, settling unobtrusively on places that seem hard to survive on. I bought a Dutch field guide for lichens. My plan is to take pictures, post them here and work with the guide to collect names and infomation about the finds. Tuesday, April 24, 2007 Carina's comments Carina Molier, a friend involved in film producing and editing, e-mailed me to say she likes this lichen blog and she suggested I should link its combination of biology, photography and musings to my Rijksbinnenhaven site. She writes: I really liked your lichen blog, especially on moments where it got mystifying, when you wondered how come you never saw the signs before. This in combination with the gravestones had an eerie effect but it made me realize we don't look around us well enough. The links to pictures of fellow lichenologists made it look like a conspiracy. As if an unknown collective was trying to make something clear to me in a new language with hidden signs. That's what I like about blogs. They enable you to create what seems to be art, solitary or from within emerging communities, along the line separating fact and fiction.

33. Lichens Of The National Parks This database contains over 29500 records of documented occurrences of lichens in units of the U. S. National Park System. The records were obtained from http://www.ies.wisc.edu/nplichen/

[Text-only version] NPLichen: A Database of Lichens in the U.S. National Parks 285 new records have been added to the database! This database contains over 29,900 records of documented occurrences of lichens in units of the U. S. National Park System. The records were obtained from the scientific literature, from National Park Service reports, and from the University of Minnesota Herbarium. Unpublished herbarium records from other herbaria are not included because they cannot be cited. Over 530 references reporting almost 2,650 lichen species from 153 park units (map) are included. Only parks with reported lichens are included in the database. We have been unable to locate lichen references for other parks in the National Park system. All lichen names were standardized to Version 13 (2008) of Esslinger's Checklist of North American Lichens. Please view the before running any of the queries. Currently you have a choice of three different queries (right). You may select a park and get a list of either lichens in that park or references associated with that park. You may select a species and get a list of parks that species occurs in, a map of parks where the species occurs (for added mapping functionality, please visit our lichen mapper ), or a list of references associated with that species. And finally you may select a reference code to retrieve the full bibliographic citation for a lichen/park occurrence or to retrieve the list of species associated with that reference.

34. Elkhorn Slough A cluster of lichens on an oak branch. The pale green strap lichen is Ramalina A variety of yellowish to grayish green lichens thrive at Elkhorn Slough, http://www.elkhornslough.org/newspages/lichens.htm

Lichens of Elkhorn Slough B Y S USIE F ORK June 2005 This cluster of lichens was growing on the gate to the Reserve. A cluster of lichens on an oak branch. The pale green strap lichen is Ramalina farinacea Lichens on elm bark. The orange cups are Xanthoria parietina , or maritime sunburst lichen, a coastal variety. The pale green lichen is Ramalina leptocarpha , or cartilage lichen. In the last 30 years scientists have used lichens as bioindicator species to assess air quality. Lichens vary in their ability to survive in areas exposed to pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and ammonia, and since they tend to concentrate heavy metals lichens also serve as recorders of these other contaminants. A variety of yellowish to grayish green lichens thrive at Elkhorn Slough, particularly noticeable on the oak trees. Wrinkled evernia, ( Evernia prunastri Ramalina farinacea ). Lace lichen (

35. Lichens The association originated separately among a number of different groups of fungi with different algae, suggesting that lichens are polyphyletic in origin. http://home.manhattan.edu/~frances.cardillo/plants/fungi/lichen.html

Lichens Composite organisms consisting of a fungal component (mycobiont) and an algal component (phycobiont). The mycobiont seems to play a major morphogenetic role and the phycobiont is the photosynthetic partner. The association originated separately among a number of different groups of fungi with different algae, suggesting that lichens are polyphyletic in origin. For information on how lichens are studied as bioindicators click here to search the files at Global Lab. The Director of the Laboratory can be reached at http://hub.terc.edu:70/hub/owner/TERC Four major growth forms Leprose Lichen Crustose Lichen Foliose Lichen Fruticose Lichen Return to Main Menu Kingdom Fungi

36. Lichens The plantlike appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/lichens.htm

Home Catalog Lichens are Fungi! Orange Lichen on Tombstone The plant-like appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. Some lichens are formed of three or more partners. The body of a lichen consists of fungal filaments (hyphae) surrounding cells of green algae and/or blue-green cyanobacteria. The basis of the mutualistic symbiosis in lichens is similar to the mycorrhizal partnership between some species of fungi and the roots of most plants. The lichen fungus provides its partner(s) a benefit (protection) and gains nutrients in return. The complexity of lichen partnerships has caused lichens to be described as "small ecosystems". They are classified as members of the Fungus Kingdom by systematists because the fungus partner is always the major partner. After a lichen symbiosis is established, the fungus has the greatest influence on the final form of the lichen body’s shape, and whether it is tough or flexible. The algal and bacterial partner(s) each have their own scientific names, but the lichen symbiosis is known only by the name of its fungus. The great majority of the 13,500-18,000 species of lichenized fungi are Ascomycetes, the "cup fungi". About 20 species in the tropical and temperate rain forests are Basidiomycetes, the "mushrooms". About 40 genera of algae and cyanobacteria are found in lichen partnerships.

37. CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI LICHENS The first literature reference to cite lichenized fungi from Missouri was in 1866, when Frederick Pech reported 24 taxa from the vicinity of the town of http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/lichens/lichens/

CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI LICHENS Annotated list of Missouri lichens List of accepted taxa This work provides a more disciplined, circumspect account of the literature of Missouri lichens through 1995. It includes a nomenclaturally updated annotated list of 436 lichen taxa (including lichenicolous fungi) attributed specifically to Missouri in the literature, along with more than 500 excluded species, synonyms, misapplied names, and orthographic errors that have been used in reference to Missouri lichens. Information regarding reports based upon misidentified specimens is included where known. Also included is an annotated bibliography of 177 publications that make specific reference to Missouri lichens. The main section of this work is a catalog of all names that have been applied to Missouri lichens, and their contemporary equivalents, arranged alphabetically by genus. Each accepted genus starts with the genus name and authority, below which the species and synonyms are arranged in alphabetical order. Genera represented only by excluded species and synonyms are set off with a line segment. Synonyms, orthographic errors, and excluded species are rendered in italics Each entry for an accepted taxon contains a summary of all literature specifically attributing that taxon to Missouri. Literature citations within each entry are arranged alphabetically by author. Each literature citation is preceded by a triangle symbol (_). For multiple works of common authorship, entries are arranged in ascending chronological order. The basis of each report, such as map, cited specimen, or reiteration of previous literature report, is provided where appropriate. The notation "literature report" refers to publications that cite lichens from Missouri on the basis of previously published literature.

38. Rhode Island Natural History Survey » Rhode Island Natural History Survey Home Habitat notes, distribution maps, and color photographs of over 90 species of macrolichens by Don Flenniken. http://www.uri.edu/ce/rinhs/webpubs/lichens/

@import url( http://www.rinhs.org/wp-content/themes/shadedgrey-21/style.css ); ls.url = "http://www.rinhs.org/wp-content/plugins/live-search-popup/search_results.php"; Home About Us RINHS Staff and Board Mission- Vision- Priorities ... Get Involved Feed on Posts or Comments Welcome to the Rhode Island Natural History Survey The Rhode Island Natural History Survey is a consortium of organizations and individuals seeking to advance knowledge and understanding of Rhode Island’s biology, geology, and ecosystems. RINHS is a clearinghouse for ecological information in Rhode Island, providing sound scientific data to scientists, naturalists, educators, land managers, decision makers, and the public. RINHS hosts a variety of programs, including an annual conference lecture series , and Bioblitz RINHS is working on a new look for our website. Some of the features that you are used to may not yet be available on this new site. If you are unable to find what you are looking for, please visit our old site , which will remain active until the transition is complete. Let us know what you think, leave a comment ! Thank you for your patience.

39. Colorado Lichen Lovers Home Page Like a desiccated lichen, this site has been dormant for a long while, as lichens drifted out of my life for a time. But they re back and fresh winds (and http://coloradolichens.org/

Colorado Lichen Lovers A Light Look at Lovable Local Lichens and Lore Dormancy and Rejuvenation! Like a desiccated lichen, this site has been dormant for a long while, as lichens drifted out of my life for a time. But they're back and fresh winds (and rains) of change are coming, even here to Lovable Local Lichens (and friends). More information, better photos (thanks to improvements in digital cameras since this site was first constructed in, gulp, June 2000), and new adventures will give us a lot more to discover here. However much I like to think of lichens as unique beings distinct from anything else on the planet (and yes, they still are!), I've recently been reminded that they are, in fact, FUNGI belonging (most of them anyway) to the category ascomycetes . Perhaps it's time to give a nod to lichens' closest relatives, then, and add an exploration of colorful fungi in our forests that have been attracting my attention in recent years. Look for a new fungus page soon. For now, though, two pages (this and one other) have been updated and new photos added. You'll know them by their new Usnea-Cladonia-Xanthoparmelia green color!

40. What Are Lichens? lichens present a very intriguing problem for people whose job is to name different kinds of organisms. This is because a lichen is not a separate organism http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/fungi/lichens.htm

Promoting the British Countryside Home About us Conservation Education ... Sponsors Lichens Lichens are an extremely successful partnership between a fungus and an alga. What are Lichens? An astonishing partnership between two very different organisms Colonies which may be 9,000 years old Colourful dyes for clothes Packing for ancient Egyptian mummies! Pollution indicators High mountain dwellers and Arctic survivors Lichens present a very intriguing problem for people whose job is to name different kinds of organisms. This is because a lichen is not a separate organism in the sense of being one type of individual. It is actually a close partnership between a fungus and an alga. (Algae are very simple plants). The two types of organisms in the partnership are so closely interwoven that they appear as a single individual. This individual looks entirely different to either of the partner organisms making up the structure. Lichens are distinctive and they form many different, recognizable types. Many of these have been given specific names of their own, despite the fact that each lichen is already a mixture of different species. There are more than 1,700 species of lichen in Britain. Approximately 18,000 species of lichen have been described and identified worldwide. The algal partners in lichens can be found living on their own in nature, as free-living species in their own right. The fungal partners in British lichens are recognizable

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