61. Lichen - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Lichencovered tree, Tresco, Isles of Scilly, UK. Grey, leafy Parmotrema perlatum on upper half of trunk; yellowy-green Flavoparmelia caperata on middle and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen

Lichen From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation) Lichen-covered tree, Tresco , Isles of Scilly, UK. Grey, leafy Parmotrema perlatum on upper half of trunk; yellowy-green Flavoparmelia caperata on middle and lower half and running up the extreme right side; and the fruiticose Ramalina farinacea "Lichenes" from Ernst Haeckel 's Artforms of Nature Lichens IPA /ˈlaɪkən/ or /lɪtʃ.ən/ ) are symbiotic associations of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as the phycobiont) that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. The photobiont is usually either green alga or cyanobacterium . A few lichens are known to contain yellow-green algae or, in one case, a brown alga . Some lichens contain both green algae and cyanobacteria as photobionts; in these cases, the cyanobacteria symbiont component may specialize in fixing atmospheric nitrogen for metabolic use. mutualism Definitive data derived from poikilohydric canopy mosses is provided by Coxson (1990)showing leaching from the canopy mosses in Guadaloupe of numerous matabolites immediately following rehydration. Not only do the two bionts profit, but also the all the other epiphytic organisms from the nutrient rich leachate. This fundamental phenomenon also points to a possible explanation of lichen evolution from its original phycobiont and mycobiont componants with its subsequent migration from an aquatic environment to dry land. Thus, during repeated periods of low levels of hydration in an alga and the resultant leakage of beneficial metabolites to an adjacent aquatic fungi, the mutalistic "marriage" slowly became constant.

62. North American Lichen Checklist various fungi of uncertain status i.e., those which are questionably or weakly lichenforming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but http://www.ndsu.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm

A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada This checklist consists of cumulative updates to the most recently published North American checklist by Esslinger and Egan (1995). The style and conventions for listings used there are also generally followed here. As in the published checklist, under each genus the accepted names are given first and are in boldface . Names considered to be synonyms are given in normal font only. Significant changes made since the previous online version are given in blue font . As before, the following symbols are used to indicate the lichenicolous fungi and other allied fungi: * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens) + = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi # = various fungi of uncertain status: i.e., those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens. This list is updated at semi-regular intervals, usually about once each year, as changes accumulate in the literature. My purpose for putting this checklist on-line is twofold. First, to provide users of the checklist with the most current updates and changes, and second, to provide the opportunity for (indeed, to

63. Hardy Lichen Shown To Survive In Space - Space - 10 November 2005 - New Scientis Nov 10, 2005 It endured two weeks exposed to the harsh space environment before returning unscathed, showing that life may be able to travel between http://space.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8297

64. ESA Portal - Lichen Survives In Space Nov 8, 2005 One of the main focuses in the search for living organisms on other planets and the possibilities for transfer of life between planets http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUJM638FE_index_0.html

ESA Life in Space Expanding Frontiers Improving Daily Life ... Benefits for Europe Multimedia ESA Multimedia gallery Earth images gallery Podcasting RSS feeds ... National galleries Media Centre Press Releases ESA Television Exhibitions Services Calendar Publications Frequently asked questions ESA-sponsored Conferences ... Subscribe Search All ESA Home Advanced Search Electron microscopic image of lichen following post-flight analysis. The cells are complete and not broken Lichen survives in space 8 November 2005 One of the main focuses in the search for living organisms on other planets and the possibilities for transfer of life between planets currently centres on bacteria, due to the organism's simplicity and the possibility of it surviving an interplanetary journey exposed to the harsh space environment. This focus may develop to encompass more advanced organisms following the results of an ESA experiment on the recent Foton-M2 mission where it was discovered that lichens are very adept at surviving in open space. Lichens are not actually single organisms but an association of millions of algal cells, which cooperate in the process of photosynthesis and are held in a fungal mesh. The algal cells and the fungus have a symbiotic relationship, with the algal cells providing the fungus with food and the fungus providing the alga with a suitable living environment for growth. Lichens are well known extremophiles, being able to survive the harshest environments on Earth. The most striking element of the finding is the complexity of this organism: it is multicellular, it is macroscopic and it is a eukaryote, meaning that on the evolutionary scale it is a much more modern organism than bacteria. In fact lichens can be considered as very simple ecosystems.

65. Lichen Photos From Hawaii By Jupiter Nielsen Photographs of several species of lichen growing in their natural habitat in Hawaii. http://jupiternielsenflameworking.com/hawaiianflora/lichen.html

Lichen Back to L - N (Sterocaulon vulcani) ? From Auahi, East Maui ? From Auahi, East Maui ? From West Maui

66. Searchable List Of Names In The Lichen Family Parmeliaceae (Lichens), Botany, Sm A synonymized checklist of names in the Lichen family Parmeliaceae. Based on the work of Mason E. Hale, Jr. http://persoon.si.edu/parmeliaceae/

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67. Bryophyte And Lichen Collection: University Of Florida Herbarium (FLAS) The bryophyte and lichen collection of the University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS) is located at 379 Dickinson Hall in the Florida Museum of Natural History http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herbarium/flasbryo.htm

Florida Museum of Natural History Home Collections/Policies Databases ... Links University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS) Bryophyte and Lichen Collection Location Hours Contact Information (address, phone, fax, email) Staff (also see our Staff, Student and Associate Directory Description of the Collection Holdings Loan Policies Destructive Analysis Policy Statement and Agreement L OCATION The bryophyte and lichen collection of the University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS) is located at 379 Dickinson Hall in the Florida Museum of Natural History on the UF campus. Room 379 is in the west wing of the street level of Dickinson Hall on Museum Road, just west of Newell Drive. The on line UF campus map may help you locate Dickinson Hall on the University of Florida campus. H OURS Monday - Friday 9am - 12 noon; 1 pm to 5 pm, except for holidays and subject to staff availability. This collection is available for consulation by researchers only by appointment . Please contact the Collection Manager to arrange for consultation of specimens prior to your visit. C ONTACT INFORMATION (also see our complete Staff, Student and Associate Directory

68. Lichen - MSN Encarta Lichen, living partnership of a fungus and an alga (Algae). The fungus component is called the mycobiont and is composed of intertwined, threadlike http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563114/lichen.html

var s_account="msnportalencarta"; MSN home Mail My MSN Sign in ... more Hotmail Messenger My MSN MSN Directory Air Tickets/Travel Autos City Guides Election 2008 ... More Additional Reference Materials Thesaurus Translations Multimedia Other Resources Education Resources Math Help Foreign Language Help Project Planner ... Help Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Lichen , selected by Encarta editors Related Items extremophiles plant family more... Encarta Search Search Encarta about Lichen Advertisement Windows Live® Search Results Lichen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lichens ( IPA : /ˈlaɪkən/ or /lɪtʃ.ən/ ) are symbiotic associations of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as the phycobiont ... Lichens of North America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, lichens and people, and the book of the same title, which was published in 2001. Lichen Biology and the Environment LICHEN BIOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THE SPECIAL BIOLOGY OF LICHENS . Go to Lichen Vocabulary (A discussion of lichen growth forms and structures) Go to Lichens and Ecosystems ... See all search results in Windows Live® Search Results Also on Encarta 7 tips for funding an online degree How to succeed in the fashion industry without being a top designer Presidential Myths Quiz Lichen Encyclopedia Article Find Print E-mail Blog It Multimedia 2 items Article Outline Introduction Structure Growth and Reproduction Importance of Lichens I Introduction Print this section Lichen , living partnership of a fungus and an alga (

69. Forest Inventory And Analysis National Program - Lichen Indicator The Forest Inventory and Analysis service in the United States monitors the lichen community in order to assess the impact of air pollution on forest http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/program-features/indicators/lichen/

@import url(/global-websites/styles/screen.css); [Jump to the main content of this page] Forest Service National Links Forest Service Home Employment Fire and Aviation International Forestry Just for Kids Maps and Brochures Passes and Permits Photo and Video Gallery Publications Recreational Activities Research and Development State and Private Forestry Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory Regional Offices Program Features ... Evaluate Our Service We welcome your comments on our service and your suggestions for National Office U.S. Forest Service 1601 North Kent Street, Suite 400 Arlington, VA 22209 Program Features Forest Health Indicators Ozone Crown Condition Soil Quality Lichen ... Tree Growth Lichen Indicator Lichens are fungi that live in intimate association with algae. Lichens are very responsive to environmental stressors in forests, including changes in forest structure, air quality, and climate. In Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), we collect data on epiphytic lichens, those species growing on trees and shrubs. Why is the Lichen Indicator Important?

70. Desert Varnish & Lichen Crust - DesertUSA Boulders throughout the arid southwest are often colored in beautiful shades of orange, green, yellow and gray. At first glance the colorful coatings http://www.desertusa.com/magdec97/varnish/dec_varnish.html

DesertUSA Quick Links Home Animals Community Deserts ... Reservations General Info. About DUSA Advertising Contact Us Microscopic Organisms Color Desert Rocks Introduction Rugged mountain peaks and sun-baked boulders throughout the arid Southwest are often colored in beautiful shades of orange, green, yellow and gray. At first glance the colorful coatings resemble a layer of paint, but close examination reveals that this unusual phenomenon is caused by a thin layer of microscopic organisms. The organisms include colonies of bacteria called "desert varnish," and colonies of symbiotic algae and fungi called lichens. Desert varnish microbes generally survive better than lichens on the driest, sun-baked boulders. On boulders where lichens are established, the varnish bacteria do not survive as well. This may be related to a moisture difference or to organic acids produced by the lichens. These miniature rock dwellers have survived for countless centuries in some of the most seemingly inhospitable environments on earth and may represent some of the oldest living colonial life forms. One of the most remarkable biogeochemical phenomena in arid desert regions of the world is desert varnish. Although it may be only one hundredth of a millimeter in thickness, desert varnish often colors entire mountain ranges black or reddish brown.

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