61. Algfront A personal view of algebra and its relationship to economics. http://members.fortunecity.com/jonhays/algfront.htm

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62. Arithmetic Rummy Print our playing cards featurning characters from CDM s Web site! Play a variety of games for ages 3 and up. A printer is required. Materials http://www.cdm.org/kids_activities/MathCards/MathCardsIndex.html

Print our playing cards featurning characters from CDM's Web site! Play a variety of games for ages 3 and up. A printer is required. Materials Scissors Making the Cards Open the files using the free Adobe Acrobat Reader . You can open each page separately (about 100-225 Kb each), or open all the cards at once (about 1 Mb). Page 1-Game Rules Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 ... All pages at once Print the cards. If you use card stock rather than paper, the cards will hold up better, and the ink is less likely to show through the back. Carefully cut along the dotted lines. If your child is good with scissors, he or she can help! When you're finished, take a look at some of the games on the rules page, or make up your own games! Send the rules of games that you make up to submit@cdm.org and we'll post them for others to play!

63. The Arithmetic Coding Page Source code for the arithmetic coding routines described by Moffat, Neal, and Witten, arithmetic Coding Revisited , ACM Transactions on Information Systems http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~alistair/arith_coder/

The Arithmetic Coding Page Software Source code for the arithmetic coding routines described by Moffat, Neal, and Witten, "Arithmetic Coding Revisited" , ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 16(3):256-294, July 1998, and the modified cumulative statistics structure described in "An Improved Data Structure for Cumulative Probability Tables" (Note that the mechanism reported by Stuiver and Moffat is not currently included.) Source code: arith_coder-3.tar.gz , February 1999. Source code: Versions 1 (March 1995) and 2 (October 1996) A suite of minimum-redundancy coding routines is also available, see http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~alistair/mr_coder/ Books If compression programs are of interest to you, so too will be this new book: Compression and Coding Algorithms by Alistair Moffat and Andrew Turpin, Kluwer Academic Publishers , Boston, March 2002. If you desperately need a book and cannot wait until March, consider Managing Gigabytes: Compressing and Indexing Documents and Images by Ian H. Witten, Alistair Moffat, and Timothy C. Bell, Morgan Kaufmann , San Francisco, 1999.

64. The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - Det This primarily adds floating point arithmetic to the BigDecimal class, allowing the use of decimal numbers for generalpurpose arithmetic without the http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=13

65. Scientific Arithmetic Scientists use scientific notation to help with the arithmetic of large and small numbers. 1000000 = 106 0.000001 = 1/1000000 = 106 1230000 = 1.23 x 106 http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Light/numbers.html

Scientific Arithmetic Scientists use scientific notation to help with the arithmetic of large and small numbers 1230000 = 1.23 x 10 0.00000123 = 1.23 x 10 The same number can take different forms 1230000 = 1.23 x 10 = 12.3 x 10 = 0.123 x 10 The form 1.23 x 10 is preferred. To multiply, you add the exponents: (1.2 x 10 ) x (2.0 x 10 ) = 2.4 x 10 To divide, you subtract the exponents: (4.2 x 10 ) / (2.0 x 10 ) = 2.1 x 10 To add, you have to make the exponents the same first: (1.2 x 10 ) + (2.0 x 10 ) = (1.2 x 10 ) + (0.2 x 10 ) = 1.4 x 10 Try it! The University of Oregon is located on which river? The Willammette. The Wilammette. The Willamette. The Wilamette. The Willammete. The Wilammete. The Willamete. The Wilamete. In a matchup between the UO and the OSU women's basketball teams, the likely winner is OSU. UO. 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 4.56 x 10 0.888 x 10 8.88 x 10 88.8 x 10 888 x 10 8880 x 10 88800 x 10 888000 x 10 (2.0 x 10

66. Free Arithmetic Downloads Math Quiz Creator lets a parent or teacher create quizzes with any type of arithmetic problem, customized to their students needs. http://www.freedownloadscenter.com/Search/arithmetic.html

Advertise Submit a program Link to us Contact us ... Bookmark arithmetic Software Connection Keeper Connection Keeper , is an Internet connection simulating tool that will let you be always connected to your ISP. MSD Strongbox Multiuser MSD Strongbox Multiuser is a strong tool with strong encryption methods to keep your documents and files under privacy. SplitSafe SplitSafe works on the concept that anything that is valuable needs to be treasured smartly and innovatively. Colorhexer Keylogger sms Download mr do Speak japanese ... Macbeth game Reviews newsletter Free Downloads arithmetic software arithmetic software at Free Downloads Center: Farsight Calculator Shareware 30-May-2008 Farsight Calculator is a easy-to-use programmable calculator which allows you to save your calculating process as a program or function,and perform arithmetic operations in either RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) or ALG (Algebraic) mode CalculatorX Shareware 29-May-2008 CalculatorX is an enhanced expression calculator. It supports common operations, constants,built-in and custom functions, variables and note-lines. You can even use Binary, Octal, Decimal and HEXadecimal numbers in one expression to evaluate as well. #Calculation Component Shareware 28-May-2008 #Calculation component is a powerful calculation engine for your applications. This component integrates expression parsing and evaluating. It's suitable for heavy-duty number crunching.

67. Computer Arithmetic Tragedies It turns out that the cause was an inaccurate calculation of the time since boot due to computer arithmetic errors. Specifically, the time in tenths of http://www.ima.umn.edu/~arnold/455.f96/disasters.html

Two disasters caused by computer arithmetic errors Patriot Missile Failure On February 25, 1991, during the Gulf War, an American Patriot Missile battery in Dharan, Saudi Arabia, failed to intercept an incoming Iraqi Scud missile. The Scud struck an American Army barracks and killed 28 soliders. A report of the General Accounting office, GAO/IMTEC-92-26, entitled Patriot Missile Defense: Software Problem Led to System Failure at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia reported on the cause of the failure. It turns out that the cause was an inaccurate calculation of the time since boot due to computer arithmetic errors. Specifically, the time in tenths of second as measured by the system's internal clock was multiplied by 1/10 to produce the time in seconds. This calculation was performed using a 24 bit fixed point register. In particular, the value 1/10, which has a non-terminating binary expansion, was chopped at 24 bits after the radix point. The small chopping error, when multiplied by the large number giving the time in tenths of a second, lead to a significant error. Indeed, the Patriot battery had been up around 100 hours, and an easy calculation shows that the resulting time error due to the magnified chopping error was about 0.34 seconds. (The number 1/10 equals 1/2 The following paragraph is excerpted from the GAO report.

68. Basic Arithmetic Coding By Arturo Campos arithmetic coding, is entropy coder widely used, the only problem is it s speed, but compression tends to be better than Huffman can achieve. http://www.arturocampos.com/ac_arithmetic.html

"Arithmetic coding" by Arturo San Emeterio Campos Download Download the whole article zipped. Table of contents Introduction Arithmetic coding Implementation Underflow ... Contacting the author Introduction Arithmetic coding, is entropy coder widely used, the only problem is it's speed, but compression tends to be better than Huffman can achieve. This presents a basic arithmetic coding implementation, if you have never implemented an arithmetic coder, this is the article which suits your needs, otherwise look for better implementations. Arithmetic coding The idea behind arithmetic coding is to have a probability line, 0-1, and assign to every symbol a range in this line based on its probability, the higher the probability, the higher range which assigns to it. Once we have defined the ranges and the probability line, start to encode symbols, every symbol defines where the output floating point number lands. Let's say we have: Symbol Probability Range a b c Note that the "[" means that the number is also included, so all the numbers from to 5 belong to "a" but 5. And then we start to code the symbols and compute our output number. The algorithm to compute the output number is: Low = High = 1 Loop. For all the symbols.

69. Arithmetic The arithmetic Game is a speed drill where you are given two minutes to solve as many arithmetic problems as you can. Start a game. Addition Range ( http://zetamac.com/arithmetic/

Arithmetic Game The Arithmetic Game is a speed drill where you are given two minutes to solve as many arithmetic problems as you can. Start a game Addition Range: ( to to Subtraction (Uses same numbers as addition, but in reverse). Multiplication Range: ( to to Division (Uses same numbers as multiplication, but in reverse). Leaderboard Name Score Date Steele 14:39, 30 May 2008 Sumit Gogia 08:45, 13 Mar 2008 Roel 12:19, 16 Aug 2007 Christopher Chan 16:27, 09 Apr 2008 Ray S 18:09, 17 May 2007 Jeremy Smith 17:55, 27 May 2008 Nick Duplan 05:02, 25 May 2008 Reed 01:45, 22 May 2008 JerStone 13:17, 29 Mar 2008 The Red Jaguar 09:41, 09 Jun 2007 Cody Foil 13:30, 03 Apr 2008 Sooji K 19:10, 06 Mar 2008 Francesco Yosemite 13:58, 03 Nov 2007 Fanatic 20:32, 08 May 2007 Brad P 15:19, 16 Sep 2007 abc 19:34, 21 Aug 2007 Jeremy S 15:03, 22 Feb 2008 was 15:40, 14 Nov 2007 Richard Ni 19:07, 24 Oct 2007 nutella 00:31, 26 May 2007 happy man 10:09, 14 Apr 2008 ree 13:22, 10 Apr 2008 THEdeepsea 15:19, 24 Nov 2007 Jerry C 215 22:32, 24 May 2008 Juicy Saurus 15:40, 09 Apr 2008 Andy Morgosh 22:53, 23 May 2007

70. [hep-th/9807087] Arithmetic And Attractors We discuss some extensions to more general CalabiYau compactifications and explore further connections to arithmetic including connections to Kronecker s http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9807087

arXiv.org hep-th Search or Article-id Help Advanced search All papers Titles Authors Abstracts Full text Help pages Full-text links: Download: PostScript PDF Other formats Citations SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted) CiteBase hep-th new recent High Energy Physics - Theory Title: Arithmetic and Attractors Authors: Gregory Moore (Submitted on 13 Jul 1998 ( ), last revised 15 Feb 2007 (this version, v3)) Abstract: hep-th/9807056 Comments: 107pp. harvmac b-mode, 4 figures; minor mistakes, typos corrected. references added;v3: typo fixed, reference added Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) Report number: YCTP-P17-98 Cite as: arXiv:hep-th/9807087v3 Submission history From: Gregory Moore [ view email Mon, 13 Jul 1998 12:29:14 GMT (107kb) Fri, 11 Jul 2003 19:09:06 GMT (108kb) Thu, 15 Feb 2007 16:17:11 GMT (107kb) Which authors of this paper are endorsers? Link back to: arXiv form interface contact

71. Workshop Computational Arithmetic Geometry, July 5 - 9, 2004, Vancouver An informal workshop, concentrating on computational arithmetic geometry and related topics.......Workshop in Computational arithmetic Geometry. http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/~nbruin/WCAG2004/

Workshop Computational Arithmetic Geometry Date: July 5 - 9, 2004. Location: PIMS SFU Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, CANADA Description: An informal workshop, concentrating on computational arithmetic geometry and related topics. It is intended to have a relaxed schedule of talks, with ample time and opportunity for informal discussion. Programme: The scientific programme is now available. It consists of presentations contributed by the participants and lectures by PIMS Distinguished Visitor Bjorn Poonen (UC Berkeley). There will also be ample time for collaboration and informal discussion. On each day, there is a talk marked by that is accessible to a wider mathematical audience. Abstracts of the talks are also available. Registration: Registration is required for participants and is free. You can register online via our Registration Page Web page: http://oldweb.cecm.sfu.ca/~nbruin/WCAG2004 Organisation: Scientific: Nils Bruin Dept. of Math. Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC

72. Mental Arithmetic Von Neumann s ability to do mental arithmetic is the source of a large number of stories which no doubt have grown the more impressive with the telling. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Mental_arithmetic.html

Memory, mental arithmetic and mathematics Alphabetical list of History Topics History Topics Index Version for printing All the mathematicians whose biographies are given in our archive exhibited extraordinary mental powers. In this article we look at a few mathematicians who have shown extraordinary powers of memory and calculating. We also look at a number of people who had no mathematical skills, usually no education, yet were able to display feats of mental arithmetical skills which astounded their contemporaries and today still astound us. First we mention John Wallis whose calculating powers are described in [ [Wallis] occupied himself in finding (mentally) the integral part of the square root of ; and several hours afterwards wrote down the result from memory. This fact having attracted notice, two months later he was challenged to extract the square root of a number of digits; this he performed mentally, and a month later he dictated the answer which he had not meantime committed to writing. This, although quite remarkable, is rather typical of the feats we shall describe in this article. It is the combination of exceptional memory and calculating ability which seems to combine in many of those we consider. However, in one respect

73. Fraction To Decimal Conversion Fraction to Decimal Conversion. Fraction to Decimal Conversion Tables. Important Note any span of numbers that is underlined signifies that those numbes http://math2.org/math/general/arithmetic/fradec.htm

Fraction to Decimal Conversion Fraction to Decimal Conversion Tables Important Note: any span of numbers that is underlined signifies that those numbes are repeated. For example, 0. signifies 0.090909.... Only fractions in lowest terms are listed. For instance, to find 2/8, first simplify it to 1/4 then search for it in the table below. fraction = decimal Need to convert a repeating decimal to a fraction? Follow these examples: Note the following pattern for repeating decimals: Division by 9's causes the repeating pattern. Note the pattern if zeros preceed the repeating decimal: Adding zero's to the denominator adds zero's before the repeating decimal. To convert a decimal that begins with a non-repeating part , such as 0.21 456456456456..., to a fraction, write it as the sum of the non-repeating part and the repeating part. Next, convert each of these decimals to fractions. The first decimal has a divisor of power ten. The second decimal (which repeats) is convirted according to the pattern given above. Now add these fraction by expressing both with a common divisor and add.

74. Numerical Computing With IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic Numerical Computing with IEEE Floating Point arithmetic. by. Michael L. Overton. was published (in hardback form) by SIAM in 2001. http://cs.nyu.edu/overton/book/

Numerical Computing with IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic by Michael L. Overton was published (in hardback form) by SIAM in 2001. A corrected reprinting (with soft cover) appeared in 2004. For information on the book, or to order the book, go to the SIAM web page for the book The SIAM price for students is $24. Instructors may use the SIAM course adoption request form. A review by Peter Turner in Computing Reviews. A review by Nick Higham in SIAM Review. (p.287-288) A review by Jesse Barlow in Mathematical Reviews ... Draft Revision of IEEE 754.

75. Math 254A Lecture notes and resources on combinatorial number theory by Terence Tao. http://www.math.ucla.edu/~tao/254a.1.03w/

MATH 254A Some highlights of arithmetic combinatorics MW 3-4:30, MS 6221 Terence Tao, tao@math.ucla.edu , x64844, MS 5622 A brief summary of the course can be found here Lecture notes: Lecture notes 1: Cauchy-Davenport inequality, Plunnecke's theorem, sum set estimates Lecture notes 2: Freiman's theorem (both in the torsion and torsion-free cases), Gowers-Walters theorem, Chang's refinement of Freiman's theorem Lecture notes 3: Gowers' quantitative Balog-Szemeredi theorem; applications to the Kakeya problem; applications to a multilinear convolution integral. Errata to Q4: The theorem as stated is false; it is best to forget this question entirely. Lecture notes 4: Roth's theorem for APs of length 3; Gowers' proof of Szemeredi's theorem for APs of length 4. Lecture notes 5: Behrend's example; Bourgain's refinement of Roth's theorem. Lecture notes 6: Crossing numbers and Szemeredi's theorem; Elekes's sum-product theorem; Bourgain-Katz-Tao sum-product theorem; finite field Szemeredi-Trotter and distance set problem results. Further reading: The web page of Ben Green , including his lecture notes on Freiman's theorem The web page of Tim Gowers The web page of Imre Ruzsa Van Vu's grad course home page on combinatorial number theory (a course running in parallel with ours wich much overlap of topics, but a different mathematical perspective).

76. EconLog, Arithmetic And Language, Arnold Kling: Library Of Economics And Liberty Economics Blog Entry EconLog arithmetic and Language, by Arnold Kling. Comments open to public, lightly moderated. EconLog is a subset of Econlib, http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2008/02/arithmetic_and_1.html

Home Books Articles EconLog ... Links Arnold Kling Bryan Caplan Permanent Link Arithmetic and Language Arnold Kling (February 27, 2008) Econlog Main Archive Main Help and FAQ Search Specific Archives: Date Archive Author Archive Category Archive ABOUT THIS ARTICLE Read Comments (16) TrackBacks (0) Categories More articles by Arnold Kling SEARCH Recent (last 2 months) Archives All Econlib Advanced Search RSS FEEDS Subscribe to EconLog's news feed: RDF (Excerpts) XML (Full articles) FAQ (What are these RSS feeds all about?) Register for Econlib's monthly newsletter February 27, 2008 Arithmetic and Language Arnold Kling This is interesting , if only tenuously related to economics. English-speaking children, who are prone to such errors as “twenty-eight, twenty-nine, twenty-ten, twenty-eleven.” French is just as bad, with vestigial base-twenty monstrosities, like quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (“four twenty ten nine”) for 99. Chinese, by contrast, is simplicity itself; its number syntax perfectly mirrors the base-ten form of Arabic numerals, with a minimum of terms. Consequently, the average Chinese four-year-old can count up to forty, whereas American children of the same age struggle to get to fifteen. And the advantages extend to adults. Because Chinese number words are so brief—they take less than a quarter of a second to say, on average, compared with a third of a second for English—the average Chinese speaker has a memory span of nine digits, versus seven digits for English speakers. RETURN TO: Econlog Main Archives Top of page READ MORE:

77. Aloha Mental Arithmetic ALOHA International Mental arithmetic Competition 2007 ALOHA USA Signing Ceremony Photo Album ALOHA Bangladesh Signing Ceremony Photo Album. http://www.alohama.com/

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78. AllAfrica.com: Ghana: The Arithmetic Of Decentralization (Page 1 Of 1) allAfrica African news and information for a global audience. http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110710.html

GA_googleAddAttr("language", "english"); GA_googleAddAttr("Countries", "ghana"); GA_googleAddAttr("Countries", "westafrica"); Use our pull-down menus to find more stories Regions/Countries Africa Central Africa East Africa North Africa Southern Africa West Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland São Tomé and Príncipe Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Topics AGOA AIDS Africa on the Move Agribusiness Aid and Assistance Arms and Armies Arts Athletics Banking Book Reviews Books Business Capital Flows Children Climate Commodities Company Conflict Construction Crime Currencies Debt Ecotourism Editorials Education Energy Environment Food and Agriculture From allAfrica's Reporters Game Parks Health Healthcare and Medical Human Rights ICT Infrastructure Investment Labour Land Issues Latest Legal Affairs Malaria Manufacturing Media Migration Mining Music Music Reviews NEPAD NGO Oceans Olympics Peacekeeping Petroleum Polio Pregnancy and Childbirth Privatization Refugees Religion Science Soccer Sport Stock Markets Sustainable Development Terrorism Trade Transport Travel Tuberculosis Urban Issues Water Wildlife Women World Cup Central Africa Business East Africa Business North Africa Business Southern Africa Business

79. Binary Arithmetic For some important aspects of Internet engineering, most notably IP Addressing, an understanding of binary arithmetic is critical. http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/19.htm

Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia Binary Arithmetic Up: Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia Up: Topics Up: Concepts Prev: Acronyms Next: Bridging Binary Arithmetic For some important aspects of Internet engineering, most notably IP Addressing , an understanding of binary arithmetic is critical. Many strange-looking decimal numbers can only be understood by converting them (at least mentally) to binary. All digital computers represent data as a collection of bits . A bit is the smallest possible unit of information. It can be in one of two states - off or on, or 1. The meaning of the bit, which can represent almost anything, is unimportant at this point. The thing to remember is that all computer data - a text file on disk, a program in memory, a packet on a network - is ultimately a collection of bits. If one bit has two different states, how many states do two bits have? The answer is four. Likewise, three bits have eight states. For example, if a computer display had eight colors available, and you wished to select one of these to draw a diagram in, three bits would be sufficient to represent this information. Each of the eight colors would be assigned to one of the three-bit combinations. Then, you could pick one of the colors by picking the right three-bit combination. A common and convenient grouping of bits is the byte or octet , composed of eight bits. If two bits have four combinations, and three bits have eight combinations, how many combinations do eight bits have? If you don't want to write out all the possible byte patterns, just multiply eight twos together - one two for each bit. Two times two is four, so the number of combinations of two bits is four. Two times two times two is eight, so the number of combinations of three bits is eight. Do this eight times - or just compute two to the eighth power - and you discover that a byte has 256 possible states.

80. Compression Via Arithmetic Coding In Java Unrestricted opensource Java implementation of the PPM (prediction by partial matching) algorithm for text and data compression by Bob Carpenter. http://www.colloquial.com/ArithmeticCoding/

Compression via Arithmetic Coding in Java. Version 1.1 Apache/BSD Licensing The arithmetic coding package is licensed under the standard Apache/BSD license Changes in Version 1.1 Exclusion statistics for more accurate estimation. Many source code optimizations, primarily at a fairly low level of detail. Overview This directory contains the distribution for a package to do compression via arithmetic coding in Java. A very brief description of arithmetic coding with lots of pointers to other material can be found in: The Arithmetic Coding Tutorial The arithmetic coding package contains a generic arithemtic coder and decoder, along with byte stream models that are subclasses of Java's I/O streams. Example statistical models include a uniform distribution, simple unigram model, and a parametric prediction by partial matching (PPM) model. Other models can be built in the framework in the same way as the examples. A prebuilt set of javadoc is available online: Javadoc for com.colloquial.arithcode Quick Start for Java Pros Download the source to target directory, cd there, unjar the source, run

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