1. Jerome Karle, Crystallographer Born 18 June1918, New York City, NY. Education City College on New York; Harvard University and Michigan University. Since 1946 Jerome Karle s career has http://www.todayinsci.com/K/Karle_Jerome/Karle_Jerome.htm

Jerome Karle Jerome Karle accepting the Nobel Prize (credit) Born: 18 June1918, New York City, NY Education: City College on New York; Harvard University and Michigan University Since 1946 Jerome Karle's career has been with the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., after a brief stint in Chicago with the early 1940's Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb. By 1968 he was the NRL's chief scientist for the Laboratory for the Structure of Matter. To further his work to study the fine structure of crystalline materials he wanted to improve on the time-consuming "heavy atom" method whereby first, an atom of high atomic mass was substituted in the crystal lattice of the sample to be examined. The differences in the diffraction patterns of the original and modified samples are then compared to deduce the structure of the crystal. His search for an easier way to make these measurements led to developing the "direct method" of X-ray diffraction with Herbert A. Hauptman. Using this new diffraction technique, information could be interpreted in a simple manner directly from the image pattern produced. (credit) X-rays are used because they have very small wavelength, less than the separation of the atoms in a crystal.The crystal contains a unit of atoms, which is repeated throughout the whole crystal in all directions. When a beam of X-rays is aimed at crystal, it deflects the x-rays in certain definite directions so that the radiation can be seen as spots of different intensity such as in a photographic film. To determine the structure the "phase" of each ray that is deflected must also be known. This determination can be carried out by using the "direct method".

2. Biography Center : Biographies Of Jerome Karle In Biographies of Karle Jerome and, for more detail Biography of , , www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html, http://www.biography-center.com/biographies/1678-Karle_Jerome.html

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6. Karle Jerome - WIEM, Darmowa Encyklopedia Karle Jerome (ur. 1918), ameryka ski profesor chemii i krystalografii w University of Maryland (19511970), od 1968 kierownik Laboratorium http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/20924,,,,karle_jerome,haslo.html

Szukaj Poczta Onet.pl Wiem: ... Encyklopedie Start Kalendarium Twój notes S³owniki Kursy ... TVN Lingua Sklep Szukaj w Onet.pl karle jerome katalog.onet.pl Informacje o serwisie Kursy on-line Napisz do nas O nas Pomoc ... Aktualizacja encyklopedii wszystkie encyklopedia prawa wielka ksiêga imion s³ownik informatyczny Poka¿ tylko zdjêcia, filmy i mapy Jak szukaæ? Karle Jerome Dodaj do notesu Chemia, Ameryka Pó³nocna, Stany Zjednoczone Karle Jerome (ur. 1918), amerykañski profesor chemii i krystalografii w University of Maryland (1951-1970), od 1968 kierownik Laboratorium Strukturalnego w Naval Research Laboratory (Instytut Badawczy Marynarki Wojennej) w Waszyngtonie, 1981-1984 prezes Miêdzynarodowej Unii Krystalografii. Razem z H.A. Hauptmanem rozwin±³ w krystalografii tzw. bezpo¶rednie metody okre¶lania struktur kryszta³ów , pozwalaj±ce na podstawie badañ dyfraktometrycznych ustalaæ budowê wewnêtrzn± krystalicznych cia³ sta³ych. Nagroda Nobla z chemii w 1985 (wraz z H.A. Hauptmanem). Odwied¼ w Internecie: Docent OnLine Inne na ten temat: Nobla Nagrody, 1981-1985

7. Karle, Jerome - MSN Encarta Translate this page Karle, Jerome (New York 1918), biofisico statunitense; insieme al matematico Herbert Hauptman sviluppò un algoritmo per la determinazione della http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583226/Karle_Jerome.html

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8. Karle, Jerome - MSN Encarta Translate this page Karle, Jerome (1918- ), biophysicien américain, spécialiste de cristallographie. http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583226/Karle_Jerome.html

var s_account="msnportalencartafr"; Accueil MSN Hotmail Mon MSN Connexion ... plus Hotmail Messenger Profil Messenger Mobile + de services Actions Solidaires Actualit©s Annonces immo Astrologie ... Aide Recherche Encarta Rechercher dans Encarta des informations sur Karle, Jerome Karle, Jerome Article Rechercher dans tout le texte de l'article Afficher cet article au format imprimable Envoyer M©dias 1 ©l©ment Karle, Jerome (1918- ), biophysicien am©ricain, sp©cialiste de cristallographie. N©   New York, Karle fait la connaissance de Herbert Hauptman , son futur coll¨gue de recherche, au City College de New York. Il obtient une ma®trise en 1943 puis un doctorat en 1944,   l’universit© du Michigan. Il travaille   Chicago comme assistant de recherche sur le projet Manhattan. En 1946, avec son ©pouse Isabella, chimiste et physicienne, il rejoint le laboratoire de recherches maritimes des ‰tats-Unis de Washington, o¹ Hauptman le rejoint l’ann©e suivante. € cette ©poque, il n’©tait pas possible de d©terminer avec pr©cision la structure tridimensionnelle des mol©cules. Pour analyser une substance cristallis©e, on l’exposait   des rayons X . Certains d’entre eux la traversaient tandis que d’autres ©taient d©vi©s par les ©lectrons du cristal . Les rayons d©vi©s dessinaient sur une plaque sensible une figure de diffraction qui indiquait l’intensit© mais non la phase des rayons X, grandeur sans laquelle les mod¨les de structure mol©culaire restaient impr©cis. Karle et Hauptman ©laborent alors une technique pour mesurer les angles de diffraction et mettent au point une formule math©matique complexe permettant de passer de la figure de diffraction   une carte pr©cise des atomes au sein de la structure. La m©thode de Karle et Hauptman ne sera reconnue et vraiment utilis©e qu’  partir du milieu des ann©es soixante, apr¨s qu’Isabella Karle en eut d©montr© l’efficacit© sur les grosses mol©cules ; elle servira alors   d©terminer la structure atomique de nombreux compos©s, notamment des vitamines, des hormones et des antibiotiques.

9. Karle, Jerome - MSN Encarta Translate this page Karle, Jerome (*1918), amerikanischer Chemiker, Kristallograph und Nobelpreisträger. http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_721550911/Karle_Jerome.html

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