1. Biography Center : Biographies Of Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck In Biographies of Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig and, for more detail Biography of , , http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/index.html. http://www.biography-center.com/biographies/2589-Planck_Max_Karl_Ernst_Ludwig.ht

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2. Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig - MSN Encarta Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (18581947), German physicist and Nobel laureate, who was the originator of quantum theory. http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566401/planck_max_karl_ernst_ludwig.ht

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var s_account="msnportalencartauk"; Print Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German physicist and Nobel laureate, who was the originator of quantum theory. Planck did his most brilliant work in Berlin. As a result of studying the phenomenon of blackbody radiation, he postulated in 1900 his revolutionary idea that energy is radiated in small, discrete units, which he called “quanta”. This meant rejecting the commonly held view at the time that the second law of thermodynamics was an absolute law of nature, and accepting instead the interpretation of Ludwig Boltzmann that it was a statistical law. Developing this law further, Planck discovered a universal constant of nature, which came to be known as Planck’s constant. This states that the energy of each quantum is equal to the frequency of the radiation multiplied by the universal constant. His ideas, however, did not supersede the theory that radiation is propagated waves. Physicists now believe that electromagnetic radiation combines the properties of both waves and particles. Planck’s quantum theory marked a turning point in classical physics, but its far-reaching effects were not appreciated by him, nor was it generally accepted until its application could account for many discrepancies between observed phenomena and classical theory. Early successful applications were the explanation by Albert Einstein of the photoelectric effect (1905) and the calculation by Niels Bohr of spectral lines (1913). Planck was aged 42 years when he made his historic quantum announcement. Further development was left to others, and formed the basis of an entirely new field of physics, known as quantum mechanics, which provided a foundation for research in such fields as nuclear power. Planck, like Einstein, could never accept the acausal nature of quantum mechanics. Both believed that it was a transitory phase that eventually would evolve into a more satisfactory theory describing the harmony of nature.

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var s_account="msnportalencartaau"; Search View Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a keyword in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German physicist and Nobel laureate, who was the originator of quantum theory. Planck did his most brilliant work in Berlin. As a result of studying the phenomenon of blackbody radiation, he postulated in 1900 his revolutionary idea that energy is radiated in small, discrete units, which he called “quanta”. This meant rejecting the commonly held view at the time that the second law of thermodynamics was an absolute law of nature, and accepting instead the interpretation of Ludwig Boltzmann that it was a statistical law. Developing this law further, Planck discovered a universal constant of nature, which came to be known as Planck’s constant. This states that the energy of each quantum is equal to the frequency of the radiation multiplied by the universal constant. His ideas, however, did not supersede the theory that radiation is propagated waves. Physicists now believe that electromagnetic radiation combines the properties of both waves and particles. Planck’s quantum theory marked a turning point in classical physics, but its far-reaching effects were not appreciated by him, nor was it generally accepted until its application could account for many discrepancies between observed phenomena and classical theory. Early successful applications were the explanation by Albert Einstein of the photoelectric effect (1905) and the calculation by Niels Bohr of spectral lines (1913). Planck was aged 42 years when he made his historic quantum announcement. Further development was left to others, and formed the basis of an entirely new field of physics, known as quantum mechanics, which provided a foundation for research in such fields as nuclear power. Planck, like Einstein, could never accept the acausal nature of quantum mechanics. Both believed that it was a transitory phase that eventually would evolve into a more satisfactory theory describing the harmony of nature.

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7. Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig - Berlin Lexikon Translate this page Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig. * 23. 04.1858 Kiel, † 4.10.1947 Göttingen, Physiker. Dia-Serie Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig P. kam 1878 nach Berlin an die http://www.luise-berlin.de/Lexikon/Mitte/p/Planck_Max_Karl_Ernst_Ludwig.htm

Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Physiker. Humboldt- Akademie Kaiser- Max- Magnushaus. Stand: 19. Mrz. 2002 Berliner Bezirkslexikon, Mitte www.berlingeschichte.de/Lexikon/Index.html

8. Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig - MSN Encarta Translate this page Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), deutscher Physiker und Nobelpreisträger sowie Begründer der Quantentheorie. http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566401/Planck_Max_Karl_Ernst_Ludwig.ht

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