61. The Universe Of Aristotle And Ptolemy However, the Greek philosopher aristotle (many of aristotles works are available at the Internet Classics Archive) proposed that the heavens were literally http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html

The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy The celestial sphere that we introduced previously is a convenient fiction to locate objects in the sky. However, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (many of Aristotles works are available at the Internet Classics Archive ) proposed that the heavens were literally composed of 55 concentric, crystalline spheres to which the celestial objects were attached and which rotated at different velocities (but the angular velocity was constant for a given sphere), with the Earth at the center. The following figure illustrates the ordering of the spheres to which the Sun, Moon, and visible planets were attached. (The diagram is not to scale, and the planets are aligned for convenience in illustration; generally they were distributed around the spheres.) There were additional "buffering" spheres that lay between the spheres illustrated. The sphere of the stars lay beyond the ones shown here for the planets; finally, in the Aristotelian conception there was an outermost sphere that was the domain of the "Prime Mover". The Prime Mover caused the outermost sphere to rotate at constant angular velocity, and this motion was imparted from sphere to sphere, thus causing the whole thing to rotate. By adjusting the velocities of these concentric spheres, many features of planetary motion could be explained. However, the troubling observations of varying planetary brightness and retrograde motion could not be accommodated: the spheres moved with constant angular velocity, and the objects attached to them were always the same distance from the earth because they moved on spheres with the earth at the center.

62. Aristotle's Poetics aristotle s Poetics Introduction. aristotle s Poetics. adapted from the translation by S.H. Butcher. Section 1. Introduction http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poettran.htm

Aristotle's Poetics : Introduction Aristotle's Poetics [adapted from the translation by S.H. Butcher] Section: Introduction Poetry as a species of imitation The anthropology and history of poetry Tragedy: definition and analysis ... Comparative evaluation of epic and tragedy Chapter 1. Introduction I propose to treat of poetry in itself and of its various kinds, noting the essential quality of each, to inquire into the structure of the plot as requisite to a good poem; into the number and nature of the parts of which a poem is composed; and similarly into whatever else falls within the same inquiry. Following, then, the order of nature, let us begin with the principles which come first. 2. Poetry as a species of imitation Epic poetry and tragedy, comedy also and dithyrambic poetry, and the music of the flute and of the lyre in most of their forms, are all in their general conception modes of imitation. They differ, however, from one another in three respects - the medium, the objects, the manner or mode of imitation, being in each case distinct. 2.1 Medium:

63. Aristotle Of Stagira (384-322 BC) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific B aristotle studied at the Academy, but disagreed with Plato, feeling that one could obtain knowledge about the natural world. He distinguished between two http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Aristotle.html

Branch of Science Philosophers Nationality Greek Aristotle of Stagira (384-322 BC) Greek philosopher usually upheld as one of the greatest philosophers of all times. Aristotle studied at the Academy, but disagreed with Plato , feeling that one could obtain knowledge about the natural world. He distinguished between two types of philosophers: the physiologoi (natural philosophers) who study nature (e.g. Thales Anaximander , and Anaximenes ) and the theologoi who used gods and myths (e.g. Homer and Hesiod ). Aristotle believed that there exists a "golden mean," or desirable middle ground between any two extremes. He founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum (or "peripatetic school," since Aristotle used to lecture while walking) which emphasized natural philosophy. Aristotle's lectures were compiled into 150 volumes including Physics, Metaphysics, and De Caelo et Mundo (On the Heavens and Earth). Aristotle philosophized on virtually every other subject. He classified animals in a "Scala Naturae" or "Chain of Being" which consisted of God, man, mammals, oviparous with perfect eggs (e.g., birds), oviparous with non-perfect eggs (e.g., fish), insects, plants, and non-living matter. He considered each link in the chain as a "species." He also made extensive taxonomic studies of more than 500 animal species, dissecting many of them. The observations he published in Generation of Animals and Historia Animalum (Investigation of Animals) were meticulous, and his classification scheme conspicuously modern, departing from the prior Greek practices of using categories such as with feet/footless and winged/wingless. Aristotle achieved such a feat in biology by making use of the same principles of logic (whose systematic study he was the founder of) that he applied in his physical investigations. He did not, however, make a real classification system for plants.

64. The Life Of Aristotle Onassis The life and character of aristotle Onassis, in many ways, exhibited strong similarities to that of the Greek mythological figure Odysseus. http://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/modern-times/onassis.html

The Life of Aristotle Onassis The Man, the Myth, the Legend by Eva Prionas Christos Kiriazis Mike Elisofon Andy Roberts , and Andy Salter Introduction The Escape from Smirne The New World ... The Decay Introduction T he life and character of Aristotle Onassis, in many ways, exhibited strong similarities to that of the Greek mythological figure Odysseus. Although never a passionate reader, Aristotle was fascinated by the story of Odysseus about his eternal journey in search of chimera and adventures and his ultimate return to his native country to reign in peace on his people. This character always attracted him as he felt the sense of a similar destiny and that he, as did Odysseus, knew how to exist above all will. A ri was brought up in an environment consumed by the rigorous principles of the Orthodox Church. But inside him, there remained only a deep religious sense of man as he grew older, a sense that respects the strength of superior events while de-emphasizing the will of a god or the lords in determining most matters. Ari was one to never escape the fight and to spends all his energies consumed in an eternal struggle. H is stellar performance as a businessman was surely linked to this component of his character, to the aggressiveness of a man who was willing to win at any price. He was born in Smirne, from where we believe Homer has originated. After Smirne was occupied by the Turks, he ended up in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Here he succeeded in a few years to gain his fated first million. As he went down the path of success with the logic of narcissus, sure of always going the right way and often times feeling omnipotent, he faced rivals and courts of justice, democracies and colonels. Few people in their lives have come across such a crescendo of power.

65. Aristotle - Biography aristotle, one of Plato s greatest students, was born in 384 BC. aristotle s father was a physician to the king of Mecadonia, and when aristotle was seven http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aristotle/bioar.htm

The Philosopher's Lighthouse Site Map About Aristotle's Life Aristotle, one of Plato's greatest students, was born in 384 BC. Aristotle's father was a physician to the king of Mecadonia, and when Aristotle was seven years old, his father sent him to study at the Academy. He was there at the beginning as a student, then became a researcher and finally a teacher. He seemed to adopted and developed Platonic ideas while there and to have expressed them in dialogue form. When Plato died, Plato willed the Academy not to Aristotle, but to his nephew Speusippus. Aristotle then left Athens with Xenocrates to go to Assos, in Asia Minor, where he opened a branch of the Academy. This Academy focused more on biology than its predecessor that relied on mathematics. There he met Hermias, another former student of Plato, who had become king of Assos. Aristotle married Hermias niece, Pythias, who died ten years later. During these years in Assos, Aristotle started to break away from Platonism and developed his own ideas. King Philip of Macedonia invited Aristotle to the capitol around 343 BC to tutor his thirteen-ear-old don, Alexander. Tutoring Alexander in the Academy in Assos, Aristotle still remained the president of the Academy. In 359 BC, Alexander's father, King Philip decided to set off to subdue the Greek city-states, and left Alexander in charge, thus stopping Aristotle's tutoring of Alexander.

66. Outline Of Aristotle's Theory Of Tragedy aristotle was a great admirer of Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, considering it the perfect tragedy, and not surprisingly, his analysis fits that play most http://www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics.html

Outline of Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy in the POETICS Definition of Tragedy: katharsis context links to consult the full online text) The treatise we call the Poetics was composed at least 50 years after the death of Sophocles Oedipus the King , considering it the perfect tragedy, and not surprisingly, his analysis fits that play most perfectly. I shall therefore use this play to illustrate the following major parts of Aristotle's analysis of tragedy as a literary genre. mimesis has happened while tragedy dramatizes what may may happen at any time or place because that is the way the world operates. Tragedy therefore arouses not only pity but also fear, because the audience can envision themselves within this cause-and-effect chain ( context context ). See Freytag's Triangle for a diagram that illustrates Aristotle's ideal plot structure, and Plot of Oedipus the King incentive moment , must start the cause-and-effect chain but not be dependent on anything outside the compass of the play (i.e., its causes are downplayed but its effects are stressed). The middle, or climax , must be caused by earlier incidents and itself cause the incidents that follow it (i.e., its causes and effects are stressed). The end, or

67. Edge: "ARISTOTLE " (THE KNOWLEDGE WEB) NOTE In May, 2004, Edge published Danny Hillis s essay in which he proposed aristotle The Knowledge Web. With the knowledge web, he wrote, http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/hillis04/hillis04_index.html

Home About Edge Features Edge Editions ... Edge Search ED. NOTE: In May, 2004, Edge published Danny Hillis's essay in which he proposed Aristotle: The Knowledge Web. "With the knowledge web," he wrote, "humanity's accumulated store of information will become more accessible, more manageable, and more useful. Anyone who wants to learn will be able to find the best and the most meaningful explanations of what they want to know. Anyone with something to teach will have a way to reach those who what to learn. Teachers will move beyond their present role as dispensers of information and become guides, mentors, facilitators, and authors. The knowledge web will make us all smarter. The knowledge web is an idea whose time has come." Last week, Hillis announced a new company called Metaweb, and the free database, Freebase.com. The launch was covered by John Markoff in his New York Times article "Start-Up Aims for Database to Automate Web Searching"

68. American Rhetoric: Aristotle's Rhetoric - Selected Moments Selected text from aristotle s Rhetoric on the nature and function of Rhetoric. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/aristotleonrhetoric.htm

Main Links Selected Moments from Aristotle's Rhetoric [Home] [SITE SEARCH] Speech Bank Top 100 Speeches ... Rhetoric of 9-11 For Scholars What is Rhetoric? Plato on Rhetoric Aristotle on Rhetoric Comm Journals ... RCA Cool Exercises Rhetoric Quiz! Corax v. Tisias Reviews/Traffic Features/Awards NetRank/Links In Fair Use Notice E-mail Owner ... ite Book I: Chapter 1 RHETORIC is the counterpart of Dialectic. Both alike are concerned with such things as come, more or less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Accordingly all men make use, more or less, of both; for to a certain extent all men attempt to discuss statements and to maintain them, to defend themselves and to attack others Ordinary people do this either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. Both ways being possible, the subject can plainly be handled systematically, for it is possible to inquire the reason why some speakers succeed through practice and others spontaneously; and every one will at once agree that such an inquiry is the function of an art. It is clear, then, that

69. The Light Cone: Aristotle's Spacetime aristotle was interested in motion. He realized that motion can be understood by seeing how the location of an object changed. And that one could talk about http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/aristotle.html

Home PREFACE PRIMEVAL SPECIAL ... Comments? Aristotle's Spacetime Space and Time according to Aristotle Spacetime according to Aristotle Aristotle and Absolute Rest Aristotle's Laws of Physics Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Space and Time according to Aristotle Every sensible body is by its nature somewhere. (Physics,Book 3, 205a:10) Time is the numeration of continuous movement. (Physics, Book 4, 223b:1) Aristotle was interested in motion. He realized that motion can be understood by seeing how the location of an object changed. And that one could talk about "one object moving faster than another" by comparing how much the location of each changed in some interval of time. It is not our purpose to critically discuss Aristotle and his views concerning space and time. We are exercising our poetic license to use him to represent the ancient pre-Renaissant views of space and time. Spacetime according to Aristotle Poetic License Technical comments Let us a try to draw a picture of Aristotle's view of space, time, and motion. Recall: We are trying to understand the physical relationship between events. We do so by modeling the set of events with a

70. Quotes By Aristotle . Read Quotations Of Aristotle Read extensive list of famous aristotle quotations. You can view aristotle quotes by subject, see quote rating or add them to My Quote List. http://www.quoteworld.org/authors/aristotle

Over 15,000 quotations and famous quotes. quotes and quotations Home Search Quotes Browse Quotes My Quotes ... Authors :: Aristotle Rate this author: 1 (worst) 5 (avg) 10 (best) Author Rating (85%) Group: Philosophers Aristotle Ranking: 25th View Biography of Aristotle on www.s9.com Search Aristotle 's quotes Sponsored Links Quote Categories Rating Rate "It is easy to fly into a passionanybody can do thatbut to be angry with the right person and at the right time and with the right object and in the right waythat is not easy, and it is not everyone who can do it." Anger Time "Without friends no one would choose to live, though he had all other goods." ... Genius Browse Aristotle quotes by category: Ability Acceptance Age Ambition ... Request a Document

71. Aristotle Corporation - Investor Relations The aristotle Corporation, founded in 1986, and headquartered in Stamford, CT, is a leading manufacturer and global distributor of educational, health, http://www.aristotlecorp.net/

Company Profile Directors Stock Quote Stock Chart ... Contact Us Print Profile The Aristotle Corporation, founded in 1986, and headquartered in Stamford, CT, is a leading manufacturer and global distributor of educational, health, medical technology and agricultural products. A selection of over 80,000 items is offered, primarily through catalogs carrying the brand of Nasco Simulaids, Triarco, Summit Learning, ... More Recent News More Date Title The Aristotle Corporation Announces Fourth Quarter and Calendar 2007 Results, Extends Long-Term Credit Facility and Declares Semi-Annual Preferred Dividends The Aristotle Corporation Announces 2007 Third Quarter and Nine Month Results The Aristotle Corporation Declares Semi-Annual Preferred Dividends The Aristotle Corporation Announces 2007 Second Quarter and Six Month Results Stock Quote ARTL (Common Stock) ARTLP (Preferred Stock) Exchange NASDAQ CM (US Dollar) Price Change Volume Data as of 04/03/08 4:00 p.m. ET Minimum 20 minute delay Refresh quote Featured Reports 2006 Annual Report Receive E-mail Alerts Sign up to receive e-mail alerts whenever The Aristotle Corporation posts new information to the site. Just enter your e-mail address and click Submit.

72. ASTROnet :: Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, aristotle University of Thessaloniki; includes reports, conferences, lectures, http://www.astro.auth.gr/

Department of Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece ... Conferences The Observatory of the University of Thessaloniki more images Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Tel : +30 2310 99 8047 (Astronomy Lab), +30 2310 99 8037 (Mechanics) Fax : +30 2310 99 5384 (Astronomy Lab), +30 2310 99 8037 (Mechanics) ISDN : +30 2310 99 0111 (Astronomy Lab) e-mail grammat@astro.auth.gr (Astronomy Lab) T he next open night will take place on March 14, 2008, 18:00-22:00 if the weather permits the program of the next open night (in greek) (more information, in greek) Initiative for a Hellenic Radio Telescope (c)2003, ASTROnet

73. The Philosophy Of Aristotle - Page 1 A series of essays on aristotle and Aristotelian philosophy, and criticism from a radical perspective. http://www.radicalacademy.com/philaristotle1.htm

Classic Philosophers The Great Thinkers of Western Philosophy Adventures in Philosophy Index... Ancient Philosophy Medieval Philosophy Modern Philosophy Recent Philosophy American Philosophy Islamic Philosophy Jewish Philosophy Political Philosophy Eastern Philosophy Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy Diagram: ... Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore Shop Amazon Stores in the Radical Academy Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Classical Music Store ... Beauty Store Academy Showcase Specials The Philosophy of Aristotle TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. ... Aristotelianism Also see: Aristotle on The Nature and Necessity of the Family Aristotle on The Nature and Origin of Tyranny Aristotle on The State of War and the State of Nature Aristotle's Spurned Legacy, by George J. Irbe

74. Aristotle And Informal Education picture aristotle. picture in public domain wikipedia commons aristotle (384 322 BC). aristotle s work was wide-ranging - yet our knowledge of him is http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-arist.htm

ideas thinkers practice aristotle We only have scraps of his work, but his influence on educational thinking has been of fundamental importance. Aristotle A tireless scholar, whose scientific explorations were as wide-ranging as his philosophical speculations were profound; a teacher who inspired - and who continues to inspire - generations of pupils; a controversial public figure who lived a turbulent life in a turbulent world. He bestrode antiquity like an intellectual colossus. No man before him had contributed so much to learning. No man after could hope to rival his achievement Jonathan Barnes (1982) Aristotle , Oxford: OUP. There are only scraps of his work On Education , however we can get a picture of his ideas from surviving works. Aristotle believed that education was central - the fulfilled person was an educated person. Here I want to focus on those elements of his thought that continue to play a key part in theorizing informal education. Niconachean Ethics Fourth, and linked to the above, Aristotle bequeathed to us the long-standing categorizing of disciplines into the theoretical, practical and technical

75. Was Aristotle The First Physicist? - Physicsworld.com Ever since Galileo attacked aristotle s view of the world, the Greek philosopher s ideas have been regarded as a barrier to scientific progress. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/3494

@import url(/cws/css/screen.css); @import url(/cws/css/themes/phw.css); @import url(/cws/css/datePicker.css); Skip to the content A community website from IOP Publishing Sign in Forgotten your password? Sign up physicsworld.com Realmedia.OAS_AD('Top'); Home Print edition Latest issue Index ... Advertising Whole site Print edition News In depth Jobs Events Buyer's guide Search Related Stories Astrophysics and cosmology: the golden age Related Links Aristotle Realmedia.OAS_AD('Left'); DIGITAL EDITION APRIL ISSUE NOW AVAILABLE Members of the Institute of Physics can access a full digital version of Physics World magazine. Simply login here and follow the Physics World link. Key Suppliers More companies Corporate Partners For maximum exposure, become a Corporate Partner. Contact our sales team Corporate Partners Forum Jan 7, 2002 Was Aristotle the first physicist? Ever since Galileo attacked Aristotle's view of the world, the Greek philosopher's ideas have been regarded as a barrier to scientific progress. Michael Rowan-Robinson disagrees. Deep thoughts In the spring of 1998 I found myself standing on the stones of the Lyceum of Aristotle in Athens. It was strange to think that for two millennia no-one had stood on this spot and known the significance of the place. The location of the Lyceum - the world's first university - had been roughly known to archaeologists, but the serendipitous discovery of it by Ephi Ligouri in 1997 was without doubt one of the most momentous classical discoveries of modern times.

76. The Works Of Aristotle At LibertyOnline Translations of the Poetics, Rhetoric, and others. Hosted by Liberty Online. http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Aristotle/Default.htm

The Works of Aristotle Aristotle is the first important figure in the history of individual liberty. It is primarily Aristotle's metaphysics (nature of existence) and epistemology (the study of knowledge) that led to the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the concept that man must be free to live the life proper to man. Aesthetics Poetics Rhetoric Logic Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics ... Topics Miscellaneous On Dreams LibertyOnline Home Page

77. VoterListsOnline aristotle is America s premier supplier of high performance information systems to elected officials, political candidates and PAC s. http://www.voterlistsonline.com/

Home Account Manager Features F. A. Q. Affiliate Program Support ... Send More Info Username Password Forgot Password? Welcome to Voter Lists Online The best way to contact voters is to use an up-to-date, scrubbed and enhanced voter file. To start building your Aristotle voter list, log in or create a New Account . It's free and there is no obligation. Once your proposed use is reviewed, your account activated, and you’re logged in, you can specify the types of voters you want to include in your voter list. You can select voters by state, election district, age, gender, income, vote history or dozens of other criteria. There is never a charge for counting the number of voters who meet your criteria. Finally, when you've narrowed the selection to the targeted list you need, you can purchase and download your data using any major credit card through our secure server. You’ll pay just 2.5 cents per voter. It’s the best investment your campaign can make. We unconditionally guarantee the quality of our voter lists. Before you start, take a look at our

78. Malaspina Great Books - Aristotle (384 BCE) This position, we have reason to believe, was held under various predecessors of Amyntas by aristotle s ancestors, so that the profession of medicine was in http://www.malaspina.org/aristotle.htm

Malaspina Great Books, Established 1995; Created by Russell McNeil, PhD, Visitors: With the growing importance of global warming, Climate News Live provides up-to-date news and information. This is a non-partisan source of timely news articles, current events, and the relevant topics that are shaping the public policy debate in the United States and elsewhere. ... (click on picture or headline above for more) title author Malaspina Great Books Blog The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: Selections Annotated and Explained Russell McNeil, PhD Editor, Malaspina Great Books In 1862 the English literary critic and poet Matthew Arnold described Marcus Aurelius as "the most beautiful figure in history." The Stoicism of Aurelius is grounded in rationality and rests solidly on an ethical approach rooted in nature. Stoicism promises real happiness and joy in this life and a serenity that can never be soured by personal misfortune. This philosophy has universal appeal with practical implications on problems ranging from climate change and terrorism to the personal management of sickness, aging, depression and addiction. I truly believe that the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius has much to offer us now...(Click on book cover for more) var sc_project=434351; var sc_invisible=0; var sc_partition=2; var sc_security="";

79. BBC - Radio 4 - In Our Time - Greatest Philosopher - Aristotle In Our Time s Greatest Philospher vote with aristotle biography. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_aristotle.sht

@import '/includes/tbenh.css'; Home TV Radio Talk ... Radio 4 PROGRAMME FINDER: A-Z Directory Listen Again Download/Podcast What's On Listings ... Presenters PROGRAMME GENRES: Arts and Drama Science History Factual TOP PROGRAMMES THIS WEEK: The Archers Today Programme Woman's Hour In Our Time ... Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! IN OUR TIME'S GREATEST PHILOSOPHER VOTE MISSED A PROGRAMME? Go to the Listen Again page GREATEST PHILOSOPHER Aristotle (384-322 BC) advocated by Richard Sorabji Listen to Richard Sorabji say why you should vote for Aristotle 'I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who conquers his enemies; for the hardest victory is over self.' Aristotle joined Plato's academy at the age of 17 but soon came to disagree with his teacher. If Plato pointed to the sky then Aristotle pointed to the earth and turned Plato's theory of forms on its head. He claimed that the world of perceived things is the real world and that there are no perfect forms in a realm beyond. Knowledge, therefore, is not a grasping after forms but is built upon the careful grouping, naming, comparing and categorising of all the varied things as they appear in the world and that's exactly what Aristotle spend much of his life doing. He appreciated the value of observation and wrote much about cause and effect in nature (especially his theory of four causes in the Physics). His writings covered biology, animal behaviour, the weather, planetary motions, stars and Gods as well as politics and ethics.

80. Greek Medicine | Aristotle & Pseudo-Aristotle Born in 384 B.C.E. the son of a physician at Stageira in Macedonia, aristotle was one of the most noted philosophers and scientists of the ancient world. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_aristotle.html

Greek Medicine Home History of Medicine Home Exhibitions and Public Programs U.S. National Library of Medicine , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 National Institutes of Health Privacy Accessibility Last updated: 16 September 2002 Aristotle Born in 384 B.C.E. the son of a physician at Stageira in Macedonia, Aristotle was one of the most noted philosophers and scientists of the ancient world. Once a student of Plato at his Academy in Athens, Aristotle adopted his own methods of inquiry different from that of his teacher. Unlike Plato, Aristotle felt that one could, and in fact must, trust one's senses in the investigation of knowledge and reality. At Plato's death, Aristotle was not chosen to be his successor as head of the Academy and he left Athens. He eventually returned to Macedonia, where he was teacher to the young Alexander the Great. After Alexander conquered Athens and the rest of the Middle East and Egypt, Aristotle returned to Athens to found the Lyceum, a school similar to Plato's Academy. After Alexander's death, Aristotle was forced to flee Athens to the nearby island of Euboea, where he died soon afterwards in 322 B.C.E Aristotle's writings cover a wide variety of subjects, from human and animal anatomy, to metaphysics, statesmanship, and poetry. His treatises on human anatomy are lost, but his many works on animals advocate direct observation and anatomical comparisons between species through dissection. He wrote extensively on the soul, classifying the souls of different forms of life and inanimate objects, including the earth and the heavens. Aristotle wrote extensively on animal life and both sexual and asexual reproduction, making him in many ways the founder of Western natural philosophy.

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