61. TRANITIONAL FORMS: Fish To Amphibians We show the evidence for transitions from fish to amphibians. http://home.entouch.net/dmd/transit.htm

Fish to Amphibian Transition The Pathway Papers are here http://home.entouch.net/dmd/transit.htm Free Hit Counter Visitors to these pages since 12-29-97 Creationists claim that there are no transitional forms. This claim is made over and over as if it were a mantra. The plain fact is that there are transitional sequences but they never discuss the details. This is a sequence of fossils which occupy the transition from fish to amphibian. 378 MYR ago- Panderichthys These are lobe-finned fish. Panderichthys was a rhipidistian,osteolepiform fish. The skull bones of these fish are bone for bone equivalents to the skull bones of the earliest tetrapods. (Carroll 1988, p. 160). These are the only fish whose fin bones fit the tetrapod pattern of humerus, ulna and radius in the forelimb and femur, tibia and fibula in the hindlimb. (Thomson, 1991, p. 488), Yet these limbs still have fins on them (Coates, 1994,p. 174). Their brain case is so much like that of the earliest tetrapod, they were originally classified as tetrapods until a complete skeleton was found. Then is was proven that they were really still fish. (Ahlberg and Milner, 1994, p. 508). This fish also had lungs and nostrils (Vorobyeva and Schulze, 1991, p.87) but also had gills. These things really looked like tetrapods until you see the fins. The teeth had infolding enamel which is identical to that of the earliest tetrapods. Unlike all fish but like the tetrapods, the Panderichthys have lost the dorsal and anal fins, leaving 4 fins in the place where legs would be in the Tetrapods.(Ahlberg and Milner, p.508). This contradicts Gish's claim that there is no fossil which shows loss of fins. (Gish, 1978, p. 78-79). Unlike fish

62. Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ: Part 1B Transition from amphibians to amniotes (first reptiles) . (reptiles had only just separated from the amphibians); Clepsydrops (early Pennsylvanian) http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional/part1b.html

Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ Part 1B Kathleen Hunt [Last Update: March 17, 1997] Part 1A Contents Part 2A Transition from amphibians to amniotes (first reptiles) The major functional difference between the ancient, large amphibians and the first little reptiles is the amniotic egg. Additional differences include stronger legs and girdles, different vertebrae, and stronger jaw muscles. For more info, see Carroll (1988) and Gauthier et al. (in Benton, 1988) Proterogyrinus or another early anthracosaur (late Mississippian) Classic labyrinthodont-amphibian skull and teeth, but with reptilian vertebrae, pelvis, humerus, and digits. Still has fish skull hinge. Amphibian ankle. 5-toed hand and a 2-3-4-5-3 (almost reptilian) phalangeal count. Limnoscelis Tseajaia (late Carboniferous) Amphibians apparently derived from the early anthracosaurs, but with additional reptilian features: structure of braincase, reptilian jaw muscle, expanded neural arches. Solenodonsaurus (mid-Pennsylvanian) An incomplete fossil, apparently between the anthracosaurs and the cotylosaurs. Loss of palatal fangs, loss of lateral line on head, etc. Still just a single sacral vertebra, though. Hylonomus Paleothyris little amphibians (which also sometimes have direct-developing eggs laid on land), so perhaps these features just came along with the small body size of the first reptiles.

63. As Amphibians Leap Toward Extinction, Alliance Pushes "The Year Of The Frog" Dec 31, 2007 With amphibians experiencing dramatic dieoffs in pristine habitats worldwide, an alliance of zoos, botanical gardens and aquariums has http://news.mongabay.com/2007/1231-frogs.html

As amphibians leap toward extinction, alliance pushes "The Year of the Frog" Rhett A. Butler, mongabay.com December 31, 2007 With amphibians experiencing dramatic die-offs in pristine habitats worldwide, an alliance of zoos, botanical gardens and aquariums has launched a desperate public appeal to raise funds for emergency conservation measures. Scientists say that without quick action, one-third to one-half the world's frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians could disappear. The coalition, dubbed "Amphibian Ark", is calling 2008 "The Year of the Frog" in an effort to raise awareness on the plight of dying amphibians, at least 165 types of which are believed to have gone extinct since 1980. Amphibian Ark is seeking to raise $50-60 million as part of a 5-year $400 million Amphibian Conservation Action Plan to establish captive breeding programs for the 500 most threatened species. While scientists have yet to identify a smoking gun, climate change, pollution, and the emergence of Chytridiomycosis, a deadly and infectious fungal disease which has been linked to global warming and is blamed for one-third of amphibian extinctions since 1980, are the leading suspects for the observed decline. The giant monkey frog of Peru is known for its mind-altering skin secretions. Shamans in the Amazon rain forest have used this species in hunting rituals. Like other amphibians from around the world, the giant monkey frog is threatened by climate change and habitat loss. Photo by Rhett A. Butler

64. Species List Complete checklist with scientific and English names. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/users/guyercr/herplist.htm

CHECKLIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF ALABAMA 156 Native Species, 5 Exotic Species Compiled and maintained by the Alabama Natural Heritage Program Common names appear first in the following list, but the list is alphabetized by class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies. Subspecies names are provided if they exist in Alabama as distinct forms, not merely as intergrades influencing other subspecies. The list is modified from The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama (R. Mount, 1975). Current nomenclature generally follows Conant and Collins, A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central North America Species protected by federal law and/or state rules and regulations are noted. Exotic (non-native) species which have escaped or were released and now have (or may have) breeding populations in Alabama are also indicated. Protected : USFWS = Federally Protected (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed as either Threatened or Endangered) Protected AmphibiansClass AMPHIBIA Frogs and Toads Order ANURA "True" ToadsFamily BUFONIDAE American toad Bufo americanus americanus oak toad Bufo quercicus southern toad Bufo terrestris Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousii fowleri Treefrogs and KinFamily HYLIDAE northern cricket frog , Acris crepitans crepitans southern cricket frog , Acris gryllus gryllus Pine Barrens treefrog Hyla andersonii Protected ADCNR bird-voiced treefrog Hyla avivoca Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis green treefrog Hyla cinerea pine woods treefrog Hyla femoralis barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa

65. Gibbs Military Amphibians // Welcome High Speed amphibians enable a transformation of operational maneuvers from the sea. From small swift reconnaissance missions to truly amphibious http://www.gibbslockheedamphibians.com/

Gibbs Military Amphibians Welcome Your path: Welcome Homepage Military Vehicles HSA Technology About Gibbs ... Site Map Over ten years and a million engineering man-hours, Gibbs Technologies has developed and proven a highly refined and infinitely flexible High Speed Amphibian Technology. The consumer production vehicle, the Aquada , has logged hundreds of thousands of hours of road and marine time and proven itself robust and reliable. The Quadski and Humdinga programmes have since pushed the technology into single person crafts, and larger four-wheel-drive applications. Gibbs Technologies is now teaming with Lockheed Martin to develop a new breed of amphibious combat craft to meet the specific operational requirements of the military. High Speed Amphibians enable a transformation of operational maneuvers from the sea. From small swift reconnaissance missions to truly amphibious expeditionary and support vehicles, High Speed Amphibians have the ability to realize the vision of the future fighting force. The transition from land to sea, and vice-versa, is seamless, eliminating operational pause in ship to objective maneuvers. The Aquada has already proven the range of amphibians with record-breaking crossings of the English Channel . This shows the ability of High Speed Amphibians to achieve the goals of over-the-horizon sea basing. The vehicles currently under development and production illustrate the flexibility of the technology, and other platform variants developed to military specifications will enable highly mobile, widely dispersed operations and long ranges.

66. ANIMAL GROUPS - AMPHIBIANS ANIMAL GROUPS or CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL amphibians. http://wblrd.sk.ca/~gregory/animals/amphib.html

ANIMAL GROUPS AMPHIBIANS Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders are amphibians. Amphibians are cold-blooded. Amphibians spend part of their lives under water and part of their lives on land. They lay jelly-covered eggs in the water. Amphibians breathe with gills or lungs or through their skin. Baby amphibians live in water and breathe with gills. An amphibian's skin is moist. (They do NOT have scales.) Amphibians are vertebrates they have backbones. Most amphibians live in or near water or in damp places. MORE about AMPHIBIANS Some amphibians have no tails Some have four legs two of which are used for jumping. (frog and toad ) Some amphibians have tails and legs. (newts and salamanders) When fullgrown, they may have either lungs or gills. Amphibians that live in cold climates hibernate during the winter. Some amphibians dig deep burrows to stay moist. Some amphibians can produce a poison. A toad can puff itself up to look larger than it really is. There is a frog that is as small as a dime. One type of frog is as big as a football.

67. KHS: Kansas Amphibians, Turtles And Reptiles A Checklist to Native amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles in Kansas . Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. http://www.cnah.org/khs/ksherps.html

A Checklist to Native Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles in Kansas Amphibians - Class Amphibia Salamanders - Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae - Mole Salamanders Barred Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) Smallmouth Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) Family Plethodontidae - Woodland Salamanders Longtail Salamander (Eurycea longicauda) Cave Salamander (Eurycea lucifuga) Grotto Salamander (Eurycea spelaea) Family Proteidae - Mudpuppies Red River Mudpuppy (Necturus louisianensis) Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) Family Salamandridae - Newts Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) Family Bufonidae - True Toads American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus) Green Toad (Anaxyrus debilis) Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) Northern Cricket Frog ( Acris crepitans Cope's Gray Treefrog ( Hyla chrysoscelis Eastern Gray Treefrog ( Hyla versicolor Spotted Chorus Frog ( Pseudacris clarkii Spring Peeper ( Pseudacris crucifer Boreal Chorus Frog ( Pseudacris maculata Strecker's Chorus Frog ( Pseudacris streckeri Family Microhylidae - Narrowmouth Toads Eastern Narrowmouth Toad ( Gastrophryne carolinensis Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad ( Gastrophryne olivacea Family Ranidae - True Frogs Crawfish Frog ( Lithobates areolatus Plains Leopard Frog ( Lithobates blairi Bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus Green Frog (

68. Central Park Zoo Amphibians - CentralPark.com Various types of amphibians can be found at the Central Park Zoo, including Axolotls and Rio Canea caecilians. http://www.centralpark.com/pages/central-park-zoo/amphibians.html

@import url("http://www.centralpark.com/style/_win.css"); Top 10 Lists Walking Tours Hotels and Tourism news ... Learn more Remember me Forgot password? 45 users online Central Park Zoo Amphibians Bats Birds ... Central Park Zoo Central Park Zoo Amphibians Bats Birds - Doves and Pigeons - Parrots - Tanagers California Sea Lion Colobus Monkey Fish Frogs Harbor Seal Japanese Macaque Lizards Mouse Deer Penguins Polar Bears Red Panda Snakes Swan Goose Tamarins Toads Tortoises Tufted Puffins Two-Toed Sloth Amphibians Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Heather Vlach Rio Canea Caecilian stretches out at the Central Park Zoo. Where found : Only one place in the world- Lake Xochimilco, southeast of Mexico City. Unfortunately, because of damming, this amphibian is rapidly losing habitat. At the Central Park Zoo, you can view our black and our albino axolotls on the Mezzanine level of the Tropic building. Diet : Worms, tadpoles, insect larvae, crustaceans, and wounded fish. Interesting note : Axolotls do not go through metamorphosis like the rest of amphibians. They maintain their gills, which are visible on either side of their heads. Rio Canea caecilian (Typhlonectes natans) AKA Rubber eel, Black eel

69. Amphibians And Reptiles - Photo.net Costa Rica is home to approximately 150 species of amphibians and more than 200 species of reptiles, half of them snakes. The most common reptile you ll see http://photo.net/cr/moon/amphibians-and-reptiles.html

70. Why Amphibians Matter | Csmonitor.com Jun 21, 2007 They form a key link in ecosystems worldwide. But they re dying off and global warming is a likely suspect. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0621/p25s04-sten.html

Special Offer: Subscribe to the Monitor and get 32 issues FREE! World USA Commentary ... Patchwork Nation Search: 'These declines were not subtle.... If there's less leaf litter on the ground, then frogs and lizards have [fewer] hiding places.' – Researcher Steven Whitfield Andy Nelson – Staff Why amphibians matter They form a key link in ecosystems worldwide. But they're dying off and global warming is a likely suspect. By Moises Velasquez-Manoff from the June 21, 2007 edition E-mail Print Letter to the Editor Republish ... digg Page 1 of 2 Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, Costa Rica - Since the 1970s, three frog species have disappeared from Puerto Rico's mountain forests, all after unusually warm years. Between 1987 and 1988, the hottest year on record until then, the golden toad and Monteverde harlequin frog disappeared from the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in Costa Rica. That same year, the jambato toad vanished from the highlands of Ecuador, which was also unusually hot and dry. "We have a tendency for species to disappear after warm years," says Alan Pounds, scientist-in-residence at Monteverde. Scientists consider these extinctions part of an ongoing worldwide amphibian die-off. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) estimates that 32 percent of all amphibians are in danger of going extinct. Of 5,918 known species – and new species are constantly being discovered – 165 may have already disappeared. Two-thirds of all harlequin frogs, which range throughout New World tropics, are already gone, Dr. Pounds says. Scientists have blamed habitat loss, increased ultraviolet radiation, pollution, and chytrid, a fungus that humans may have inadvertently transported around the globe.

71. Amphibians Information on amphibians including a tutorial on frog, salamander, and newt embryonic development. http://biology.about.com/od/amphibians/Amphibians.htm

zGCID=" test0" zGCID+=" test8" zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') You are here: About Education Biology Zoology Amphibians Biology Education Biology Essentials ... Zoology Amphibians Amphibians Information on amphibians including a tutorial on amphibian embryonic development, amphibian pictures, and more. Frog Anatomy Information on frog internal and external anatomy. Why Are Amphibians Dying? Disease outbreaks may be the cause of drastic declines in amphibian populations. Amphibian Embryology Tutorial Tutorial on amphibian embryonic development. Amphibian Species of the Worlds Database of known amphibian species developed by The American Museum of Natural History. Deformed Frogs in Minnesota Ever see a frog with four legs? Find out about malformed frogs that are being studied by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. FrogLand Find out how to take care of your pet frog, learn some weird frog facts, view some amazing frog pictures and more. Living Amphibians Information on present day amphibians and their evolutionary ancestors. Preventing Diabetes Diabetes Warning Signs Keep Kids Diabetes-Free What is Diabetes?

72. Amphibian Species Of The World A searchable catalog of the recognized amphibian species of the world with synonymies and references to the taxonomic literature. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php

Amphibian Species of the World 5.1, an Online Reference herpetology home research home taxon family (valid) subfamily (valid) genus (valid) English name author/authority in synonymy year of publication in synonymy country / U.S. state Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic Congo, Republic of Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France French Guiana Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic of (South) Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Reunion Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa

73. FrogWeb: Amphibian Declines & Malformations - NBII FrogWeb is a multiagency initiative that provides information about recent, global declines and deformities among amphibian populations, and efforts made http://www.frogweb.gov/

The continental United States is home to at least 230 amphibian species: 90 frog and toad species, and 140 species of salamanders. In the U.S., declines are particularly serious in California, the Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, and Puerto Rico. Worldwide, decline "hot spots" also include Australia and Central America. Amphibian malformations - extra limbs, malformed or missing limbs, and facial malformations - have been documented in 44 states, and involve nearly 60 species. In some local populations, up to 60% of the amphibians exhibit malformations. FrogWeb Home Amphibian Declines NARCAM: Amphibian Malformations What You Can Do Species Information ... The Herpetology Program at the University of Georgia's Savannah River Ecology Lab (SREL) manages the NARCAM for the NBII. The SREL's Web site provides an electronic field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the Savannah River area, as well as information about their current research projects, and reprints of popular articles written by their staff. This NBII site is developed and maintained by the Center for Biological Informatics of the U.S. Geological Survey

74. Amphibian Research And Monitoring Initiative Homepage This is the national website for the US Geological Survey s Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI). http://armi.usgs.gov/

A rotating amphibian image is displayed here Loads the javascript menu code. Access site map if you can not load javascript Loads the javascript menu code. Access site map if you can not load javascript Loads the javascript menu code. Access site map if you can not load javascript Your browser does not support script Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative A rotating amphibian image is displayed here For information regarding the contents of this page contact Alisa Gallant at custserv@usgs.gov Site Map n response to indications of worldwide declines in amphibian populations, the President and Congress directed Interior Department agencies to initiate a national program of amphibian monitoring, research, and conservation. There is an urgent need to determine the scope and severity of the problem and to investigate causes. The U.S. Geological Survey is uniquely qualified to coordinate and lead a cooperative national effort because its scientists have been in the forefront of studying amphibian populations and life history traits, measuring and monitoring environmental characteristics, and conducting research into potential causes of decline. As a result, the Agency formed the National Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI). Feature Story Movement and habitat use of the California red-legged frog Read more...

75. Amphibian --  Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on amphibian any member of the class Amphibia, vertebrates distinguished by their ability to exploit both aquatic http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110233/amphibian

var britAdCategory = "other"; Already a member? LOGIN Encyclopædia Britannica - the Online Encyclopedia Home Blog Advocacy Board ... Free Trial Britannica Online Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction General features Size range and diversity of structure Distribution and abundance Economic importance Natural history Life cycle Reproduction Embryonic stage Larval stage ... Food and feeding Form and function General features Adaptations Evolution Classification Annotated classification Critical appraisal Additional Reading Print this Table of Contents Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. amphibian Page 1 of 17 any member of the class Amphibia, vertebrates distinguished by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They include the frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians. The name, derived from the Greek amphibios amphibian...

76. DLTK's Amphibian And Reptile Crafts For Kids Index of children s amphibian and reptile animal crafts suitable for preschool, kindergarten and gradeschool kids. http://www.dltk-kids.com/animals/reptiles.html

25 Newest Activites Top 10 Activities All Animals Birds ... Reptiles and Amphibians DLTK's Crafts for Kids Reptiles and Amphibians Activities Dinosaurs extinct Frogs amphibians Snakes reptiles Other Reptiles and Amphibians

77. HerbicidesFeminization Of Male Frogs In The Wild : Abstract : Nature Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6910/abs/419895a.html

@import "/common/style/layout.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/common/style/layout_wide_banner.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/common/style/main.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/common/style/header_footer_smallfonts.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/nature/style/site.css";/* edit this stylesheet only */ @import "/common/style/restrict_width/930px.css"; nature.com homepage Jump to main content Jump to navigation ... Browse by subject Search This journal All of Nature.com Advanced search Journal home Archive Brief Communications Abstract Brief Communications Nature doi Herbicides: Feminization of male frogs in the wild Tyrone Hayes, Kelly Haston, Mable Tsui, Anhthu Hoang, Cathryn Haeffele and Aaron Vonk Top of page Atrazine is the most commonly used herbicide in the United States and probably in the world . Here we investigate the effects of exposure to water-borne atrazine contamination on wild leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens Top of page Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA

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