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         Arthropoda:     more books (100)
  1. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part P: Arthropoda 2 by Raymond C. Moore, 1955-06
  2. Type Specimens of Invertebrates (Mollusca and Arthropoda Excluded) in the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada. by P.G. et. al. FRANK, 1985-01-01
  3. Fauna Sinica Arthropoda Protura (In Chinese with English summary) by Yin Wenyin, 1999-01-01
  4. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: Arthropoda 4 : Volume 1 and 2 by Raymond C. Moore, 1969-06
  5. INSECTS OF SAMOA AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODA: Part VII. Other orders of Insects, Psocoptera: Fasc. 4 by H. H. Karny, 1932
  6. Chemical Zoology, Volume Vi: Arthropoda, Part B. by Marcel Florkin & Bradley T. Scheer [Eds], 1971
  7. Bibliography on Arthropoda and air pollution (Forest Service general technical report NE) by C. John Hay, 1977
  8. Fundamentals of Paleontology vol 9: Arthropoda, Tracheata, Chelicerata by B B ed Rohdendorf, 1991-01-01
  9. TREATISE ON INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY: PART R ARTHROPODA 4. by H. K. Et al (Editors) Brooks, 1969
  10. INSECTS OF SAMOA AND OTHER SAMOAN TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODA: Part VII. Other Orders of Insects, Fasc. 2 by R.J. And P.A. Buxton Tillyard, 1928
  11. Lehrbuch der Palaozoologie, Band II: Invertebraten, Teil 2: Mollusca 2 - Arthropoda 1, 2. Auflage by Arno Hermann Muller, 1965
  12. Fauna Sinica Arthropoda Crustacea Malacostraca Order Mysidacea (In Chinese with English summary) by Liu Ruiyu & Wang Shaowu, 2000-01-01
  13. Studies On Arthropoda by Hans J. Hansen, 2010-09-10
  14. Encyclopaedia of Arthropoda

21. Spiders, Ticks, Centipedes: Index Of Non-Insect Arthropods
Members of the Phylum arthropoda contain the Class Insecta and many related animals frequently mistaken for insects. Spiders are among these relatives and
http://www.bugbios.com/entophiles/arthropoda/index.html
This page displays the six Arthropod records currently available within the Entophiles database. Select one of the thumbnail photographs of spiders and a tailless whip-scorpion below to access the descriptive record for this non-insect arthropod. Members of the Phylum Arthropoda contain the Class Insecta and many related animals frequently mistaken for insects. Spiders are among these relatives and can be distinguished from their insect kin by their eight rather than six legs. They also have two body segments comprised of a cephalothorax and abdomen as apposed to an insects three main body segments of a head, thorax, and abdomen.
View the Index of Orders View Complete Photo List Flies Beetles True Bugs Cockroaches Praying Mantids Grasshoppers, Crickets Walking Sticks Mayflies Non-Insects

22. Image Quest Marine Stock Photo Library : Search Results For Arthropoda
Welcome Guest. Search Results for arthropoda, 1661 files found on 52 pages. Displaying 32 files per page. Top Search Results Page 1, Browse by Subject
http://www.imagequest3d.com/cgi-bin/ImageFolio4/imageFolio.cgi?search=Arthropoda

23. Definition: Arthropoda From Online Medical Dictionary
arthropoda. zoology A phylum of Articulata, including all the organisms that have paired jointed legs and an external rigid skeleton such as; insecta,
http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?Arthropoda

24. Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum arthropoda From the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at Very detailed taxonomic information on arthropoda common to New Mexico and
http://mclibrary.nhmccd.edu/taxonomy/arthropoda.html
Montgomery College Library
NHMCCD ONLINE CATALOG
ONLINE DATABASES BY SUBJECT REMOTE ACCESS SERVICES ASK-A-LIBRARIAN (E-MAIL) RETURN TO MC LIBRARY HOME PAGE Web Subject Guides Taxonomy on the Web RETURN TO MONTGOMERY COLLEGE HOME PAGE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA - Overviews Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

(Trilobites) Subphylum Uniramia
(Insects) Subphylum Cheliceriformes
(Spiders, Ticks, Scorpions) Subphylum Crustarea
(Lobster, Shrimp, Crabs) Overviews of Arthropoda Arthropods
From the Tree of Life , includes miscellaneous arthropods with links to additional information on Hexapoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea. Phylum Arthropoda
From the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota. Lots of good links to subphylum and class information. Arthropoda
The Veterinary Parasitology Web Site contains the class notes from the parasitology class at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Missouri, VP556-557 Veterinary and Human Parasitology, taught by Robert M. Corwin, DVM, Ph.D. Links to taxonomic information on Diptera , Insects, Fleas, Lice , and Arachnida Veterinary Parasitology 5333
"Significance of Arthropods in Veterinary Medicine" from the School of Veterinary Medicine at Oklahoma State University. Includes descriptions of Arachnids and various orders of Insecta.

25. The Trilobites, Crabs, Insects, Spiders And Their Allies (Phylum Arthropoda)
The phylum arthropoda is huge in terms of both numbers of species and in terms of The arthropoda have been around for a long time and several major,
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/arthropoda.html
The Phylum Arthropoda
Etymology:- From the Greek Arthron a joint and Pous for foot.
Characteristics of the Arthropoda:-
1)Bilaterally symmetrical (in most cases).
2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.
3)Body cavity a true coelom.
4)Most possesses a through straight gut with an anus (in most cases).
5)Body possesses 3 to 400+ pairs of jointed legs.
6)Body possesses an external skeleton (in most cases).
7)Body is divided in 2 or 3 sections.
8)Nervous system includes a brain and ganglia.
9)Possesses a respiratory system in the form of tracheae and spiracles (in most cases). 10)Possesses a open or lacunnar circulatory system with a simple heart, one or more arteries, and no veins, (in most cases). 11)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic, but can be parthenogenetic. 12)Feed on everything. 13)Live everywhere.
Introduction
Among the living animals of the world Crabs and Prawns, Woodlice, Spiders, Scorpions, Insects, Millipedes and Centipedes are all Arthropods, linked together by the possession of a hard jointed exoskeleton, a through-gut and jointed limbs. Arthropods are currently thought to have evolved from Annelids. Both groups have the same sort of central nervous system, a similar circulatory system along with metameric segmentation and tagmatization

26. Phylum Arthropoda - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon
Taxonomic hierarchy of Phylum arthropoda Latreille, 1829. Display of synonyms, alternative taxonomic positions, references, number of subtaxa,
http://www.taxonomy.nl/taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=15810

27. General Zoology - Phylum Arthropoda
www.cbs.umn.edu/class/spring2000/biol/2012/arthropd.htm Similar pages ArthropodsPhylum arthropoda (Precambrian-Recent). Superclass Trilobitomorpha (Cambrian-Permian). Class Trilobita (Cambrian-Permian)
http://www.cbs.umn.edu/class/spring2000/biol/2012/arthropd.htm
General Zoology (BIOL 2012)
Go To Course Syllabus
Phylum Arthropoda
"The staggering losses occasionally inflicted by the billions of locusts in Africa serve as only one reminder of our ceaseless struggle with the dominant group of animals on earth today: the insects. With nearly 1 million species recorded, and probably as many yet remaining to be classified, insects far outnumber all the other species of animals in the world combined. Numbers of individuals are equally enormous. Some scientists have estimated that there are 200 million insects for every single human alive today!" Hickman, C.P. and L.S. Roberts. 1994. Biology of Animals, Sixth Edition . Wm.C.Brown Publishers: Dubuque, Iowa. Pages 544-545.
Major Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
  • Bilateral symmetry; metameric body, tagmata of head and trunk; head, thorax, and abdomen; or cephalothorax and abdomen; Appendages jointed ; primitively, one pair to each somite (metamere), but number often reduced; appendages often modified or specialized; Exoskeleton of cuticle containing protein, lipid, chitin, and often calcium carbonate secreted by underlying epidermis and shed (molted) at intervals;
  • 28. Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal
    Observational and specimen data for arthropoda. Feedback, Feedback to Catalogue of Life 2007 Annual Checklist on the classification of arthropoda
    http://data.gbif.org/species/13140813
    Global Biodiversity Information Facility
    ... free and open access to biodiversity data
    search
    species/country/dataset Search
    Data Use Agreement
    Background
    The goals and principles of making biodiversity data openly and universally available have been defined in the Memorandum of Understanding on GBIF, paragraph 8 (see the relevant excerpts in the attached Annex). The Participants who have signed the MoU have expressed their willingness to make biodiversity data available through their nodes to foster scientific research development internationally and to support the public use of these data. GBIF data sharing should take place within a framework of due attribution. Therefore, using data available through the GBIF network requires agreeing with the following:
    1. Data Use Agreements
  • The quality and completeness of data cannot be guaranteed. Users employ these data at their own risk. Users shall respect restrictions of access to sensitive data. In order to make attribution of use for owners of the data possible, the identifier of ownership of data must be retained with every data record. Users must publicly acknowledge, in conjunction with the use of the data, the data providers whose biodiversity data they have used. Data providers may require additional attribution of specific collections within their institution.
  • 29. Arthropoda — Infoplease.com
    arthropoda Subphylum Mandibulata Subphylum Mandibulata The mandibulates constitute the largest and most varied arthropod group and .
    http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0804873.html
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      Arthropoda
      Arthropoda u d u key [Gr.,=jointed feet], largest and most diverse animal phylum. The arthropods include crustaceans insects centipedes millipedes , symphylans, pauropodans, and the extinct trilobites . Arthropods are characterized by a segmented body covered by a jointed external skeleton (exoskeleton), with paired jointed appendages on each segment; a complex nervous system with a dorsal brain, connective nerves passing around the anterior end of the digestive tract, and a ventral nerve cord with a ganglion in each body segment; an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart into which blood flows through paired openings (ostia); and a greatly reduced body cavity (coelom). Because the jointed exoskeleton blocks growth of the organism, it must be shed periodically. This phenomenon, called molting, or ecdysis, is a characteristic feature of the phylum; it permits rapid growth in size and significant change in body form until the new exoskeleton, secreted by the animal, has hardened. Arthropods are mainly terrestrial, but aquatic representatives are well known. There are three subphyla, comprising nine classes.

    30. The ARTHROPODA PartiGene Databases
    As part of our effort in PhyloGenomics, we have developed the PartiGene arthropoda Database. In these databases, we have analysed the EST datasets for sixty
    http://www.nematodes.org/NeglectedGenomes/ARTHROPODA/
    BaNG
    Nematode and Neglected Genomics The Blaxter Lab at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Software BLAST Server ... Contacts The ARTHROPODA PartiGene Databases As part of our effort in PhyloGenomics, we have developed the PartiGene ARTHROPODA Database. In these databases, we have analysed the EST datasets for sixty different arthropod species. For current data on the database contents, please see the summary page To aid searching we have split the interface between four class-based views: Chelicerata Hexapoda Crustacea Myriapoda Amongst other analyses, we have included Alfried Vogler's lab's PartiGene analysis of ~30 different arthropod species ESTs. A separate access point for that dataset is also available. The sources of the sequence data and images used are available here. (Please note: this list is currently incomplete) The database is curated by Mark Blaxter ...other interesting things...
    The dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis
    Filarial nematodes are tissue and gut parasites of a wide range of vertebrates, including humans. This species is a canine parasite and gets its common name of "heartworm" because the adults reside in the heart. It is closely related tospecies, such as O. volvulus

    31. Phylum Arthropoda
    1 Trilobitomorpha is a subphylum of the phylum arthropoda that includes the trilobites. Originally a variety of peculiar forms, mostly from the lower
    http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/PhylumArthropoda.htm
    Phylum Arthropoda
    Tree of Life
    Phylum Arthropoda
    Arthropods comprise the creatures with jointed legs, from fleas to crabs to the extinct trilobites to the extant but primitive horseshe crab. Since first appearing, probably during the Precambrian , their variability has been nothing short of astonishing, and their impact on the living earth Subphylum Class Common Examples Trilobitamorpha (note1) Trilobita Trilobites and Relatives Aglaspidida or Aglaspida Aglaspids Chelicerata Arachnida Spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites Merostomata Horseshoe crabs and eurypterids. Pycnogonida Sea spiders Myriapoda Archipolypoda (note 2) early myriapod Chilopoda Centipedes Diplopoda Millipedes Pauropoda Symphyla Garden centipedes Hexapoda Diplura Collembola Springtails Protura Insecta Crustacea Branchiopoda Brine shrimp Remipedia Cephalocarida Horseshoe shrimps (no fossil record)) Maxillopoda Barnacles Ostracoda Seed shrimp Malacostraca Crabs, mole crabs, lobsters, isopods (woodlice and sowbugs), true shrimps, and Phyllocarids (?)

    32. Phylum Arthropoda
    Phylum arthropoda (arthro = joint; poda = foot) is the most numerous phylum of all living organisms, both in number of species and in number of individuals.
    http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio106/arthrpod.htm
    Phylum Arthropoda
    Phylum Arthropoda ( arthro = joint; poda = foot) is the most numerous phylum of all living organisms, both in number of species and in number of individuals. One, very conservative, estimate is that there are well over one million species of insects alone. In terms of number of individuals, there are more ants than anything else, and in terms of numbers of species, there are more kinds of beetles than anything else: 40 to 50% of all insect species are beetles. There are more species of insects than all other plants and animals together. An arthropod has a segmented body covered by an exoskeleton made from chitin and other chemicals. This exoskeleton serves as protection and provides places for muscle attachment. Arthropods must molt because their exoskeletons don’t grow with them. Arthropods have open circulatory systems consisting of a dorsal heart which collects blood from the body cavity and pumps it back into the body cavity again. In insects, the anterior portion of the heart (which is located in the abdomen) is extended into a tube that is called an aorta which directs the blood forward as it goes out into the body cavity. Arthropods have a well-developed, mesodermal, ventral, solid nerve cord and well-developed sense organs. The body feature from which the phylum takes its name is the jointed appendages, which include antennae and mouthparts as well as walking legs. It is thought that the early arthropod ancestors (descended from organisms that looked like marine worms or, later

    33. Oceanlink | Marine Sciences Education And Fun
    Lobsters are a type of crustacean, within the phylum arthropoda this should be a . Both shrimps and cockroaches are classified in the phylum arthropoda
    http://oceanlink.island.net/ask/arthropoda.html
    ASK A SCIENTIST ANSWERS TO
    Arthropoda
    QUESTIONS
    Index to Questions LOBSTERS AND SHRIMPS Lobster information Crayfish Factoids American vs. European lobster BC Prawns; habitat, size, sex Lobster Life Cycle ... Lobster heads Albino Lobsters
    Crayfish Reproduction
    Sea Cockroach

    Lobster vs. Human Vertebrae
    Spiny Lobster?

    CRABS Hermitcrab gender determination
    Green crab (
    Carcinus maenas
    Blue crab (
    Callinectes sapidus ... Horseshoe Crab Blood - Medical Uses? Crab food detection Hermit Crabs and Head Lice BARNACLES Barnacle Classification Barnacle structure and food GENERAL Giant Isopods Marine Insects Biting Sea Mites Copepods Causing Havoc Lobster related to a Cockroach LOBSTERS AND SHRIMP Lobster information - Received from Seth.

    34. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
    Alternative phylogeny of Crown arthropoda after Hwang et al., 2001 Alternative phylogeny of basal arthropoda after Budd, 2002
    http://fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Protostoma/Arthropoda/arthropoda.h
    Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Welcome to Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. This is my private archive of various phylogenetic trees. Although many groups of modern organisms are already taxonomically or descriptionally well treated in the Web, there are still some gaping holes left, especially when treating extinct organisms. This site aims to fill some of those holes. In current form [ ] it holds nearly 5,000 pages, most of them cladograms (phylogenetic trees) or taxonomic listings. More... Last update . The Main reason behind this rapid update is to fix the epidemy of broken links caused by the transfer of Archive from windows-based server to a unix-based one, which has a much more strict approach for a normal na upper case filenames. I would also like to apologize for the long silence during 2006-2007, which has been caused by such mundane things as day-job. I have hopes that this relaocation will mean a more frequent updates, since the pile of unreated papers is really growing fas on my desk.
    Trees Additional information Main groups of organisms
    Quick links:

    35. Open Directory - Science: Biology: Flora And Fauna: Animalia: Arthropoda: Insect
    the entire directory, only in arthropoda/Insecta Science Biology Zoology arthropoda Entomology (90); Science Earth Sciences Paleontology
    http://dir.dugalic.com/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insec
    about dmoz dmoz blog suggest URL update listing ... help the entire directory only in Arthropoda/Insecta Top Science Biology Flora and Fauna ... Arthropoda : Insecta Description See also: This category in other languages: Czech German Japanese

    36. Flickr: Arthropoda
    Flickr is almost certainly the best online photo management and sharing application in the world. Show off your favorite photos to the world, securely and
    http://www.flickr.com/groups/338472@N21/
    YAHOO.util.Event.addListener(window, 'load', F._window_onload); YAHOO.util.Event.addListener(window, 'resize', F._window_onresize); YAHOO.util.Event.addListener(window, 'blur', F._window_onblur); YAHOO.util.Event.addListener(window, 'focus', F._window_onfocus); YAHOO.util.Event.addListener(window, 'unload', F._window_onunload); You aren't signed in Sign In Help
    Arthropoda
    Discussion Pool Map 43 Members
    Group Photo Pool See all 922 photos
    From R©mi Vannier
    From stevelewalready
    From stevelewalready
    From stevelewalready
    From stevelewalready
    From R©mi Vannier More photos...
    Discuss
    Title Author Replies Latest Post New group for New England species Seaweed Lady 6 months ago I'll try not to flood... maxi millipede 13 months ago 2 of 2 posts
    About Arthropoda
    Arthropods
    Including:
    Class Merostomata (Horseshoe Crabs)
    Class Arachnida (Spiders, Tarantula, Scorpions, Psuedoscorpions, Mites, Ticks, Daddy Longlegs, Harvestmen, Whipscorpions, Amblypygids etc)
    Class Pcynogonida (Pycnogonids, Sea Spiders)

    37. Arthropoda
    The arthropoda Page. Showing Bugs and Crustaceans. LEFT The cicadas (seventeen year locusts) have two challenging 3D folds, and many narrow finishing
    http://www.folds.net/menagerie/arthropoda.html
    The Arthropoda Page
    Showing Bugs and Crustaceans
    LEFT: The cicadas (seventeen year locusts) have two challenging 3-D folds, and many narrow finishing folds.
    RIGHT: The white cicada was folded by, and belongs to, Paul Close . Shown by permission.
    LEFT: The butterfly has very tiny legs; but it is straightforward to make if you have a fine enough grasp (or tweezers).
    CENTER: The dragonfly is made from the eagle base.
    LEFT: The caterpillar is a young butterfly. Its legs are even tinier than the butterfly's legs.
    LEFT: The asparagus beetle is a voracious pest.
    CENTER: The grasshopper has many sink folds.
    RIGHT: The preying mantis requires 100 steps, all of which are on-line.
    LEFT: The tarantula is fairly straightforward to make. It starts with a 1x1.5 paper, and ends with many small, thick folds. Personally, I think it looks more like a black widow than a hairy tarantula.
    CENTER: The lobster just requires sharp, accurate folding.
    RIGHT: This scorpion was folded by Nora Szasz Home page Origami Menagerie Comments ... The Jungle Books Thank you for visiting Jasper's Origami Menagerie by John Paulsen Your comments are welcomed.

    38. Phylum Arthropoda-Subphylum Crustacea
    Crustaceans Phylum arthropoda (Subphylum Crustacea). Species Home Introduced Species. The Arthropods are the largest phylum of free living animals,
    http://www.woodbridge.tased.edu.au/mdc/Species Register/phylum_arthropoda_crusta
    Crustaceans - Phylum Arthropoda (Subphylum Crustacea)
    Species Home
    Introduced Species The Arthropods are the largest phylum of free living animals, including millions of species. The Subphylum Crustacea are a large group of mainly marine species. They differ from other arthropods by having two pairs of antennae in front of the mouth. About 40 000 species have been named, however this represents only a small proportion of the total (likely to be more than 100 000 species). The body has a basic plan, being subdivided into head, thorax and abdomen. Quite often, some of the thoracic segments are fused to the head, forming the carapace. Most crustacean groups have a planktonic larval stage that differs greatly in appearance to the adult. The most common larval form is a nauplius, a rounded animal with three pairs of appendages, including large antennae. Crustaceans occur in virtually all marine and most freshwater environments. They range in size from copepods (usually less than 1 mm) to crabs with a maximum leg span of more than 2 m. CRUSTACEANS AT THE MDC The following Crustaceans live at the Marine Discovery Centre:
  • Barnacles Copepods Ostracods Mysids ... Crabs
  • 39. Lb7pg4
    PHYLUM arthropoda. The arthropods have attained the greatest biological success of any group in the animal kingdom. The phylum Arthopoda is the largest
    http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/lb7pg4.htm
    PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
    The Crayfish Crayfish are found in streams, rivers, lakes and ponds where the water contains adequate amounts of calcium salts. They are primarily nocturnal, hiding in crevices and under rocks during the day and emerging to feed at night. They will eat almost anything organic - plant or animal, living or dead. The dissection of the crayfish requires a great deal of care. Be certain to follow instructions carefully and to ask for assistance if you are in doubt about any part of the procedure. Obtain a preserved crayfish and place it in your dissecting pan . The body is divided into an anterior cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and a posterior abdomen (see Figure 6). The chitinous exoskeleton protects the crayfish from predators. The carapace is a saddlelike covering over the cephalothorax. A transverse groove separates the fused head from the thoracic region. The rostrum is an anterior, pointed extension of the head. The abdomen consists of several segments and is terminated by the telson. Examine the appendages. The appendages are modified to serve a variety of functions: feeding, walking and swimming. Although male and female crayfish have an equal number of appendages, in male crayfish the appendages joining the thorax have been modified. They are elongate and can be brought together to form a troughlike channel, used for the transfer of sperm from the male to the seminal receptacles of the female. Use Figure 6 to assist you in determining if your specimen is a male or a female.

    40. Z250 - Onychophora, Tardigrada & Arthropoda Clade (2007)
    A= arthropoda. a) 1 pair lateral compound eyes b) 4 pair median ocelli c) two tagmata (head, (true spider), Phylum arthropoda. (tree and traits from
    http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Clades/clade10-Arthropoda.htm
    Zoology 250 Phylogenetic Trees (2007)
    (onychopheran) The PANARTHROPODA
    (tree and traits from
    Ruppert et al. 2004
    p. 540, and
    p. 501, 875)
    (tardigrade) ===========O=== Onychophora (velvet worms; fossil Hallucigenia <=======P========== Tardigrada ARTHROPODA Back to Zool 250 tree for animal phyla or Protostomia TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE (** plesiomorphic- a primitive state, not unique to clade):
    P= PANARTHROPODA: a) elongate body of multiple similar segments**
    b) ventro-lateral legs (lobopods) with hooked tips
    c) must molt to grow
    d) chemical makeup of cuticle (alpha-chitin and non-collagenous protein)
    e) ectodermal cilia lost f) extensive hemocoel ('open' circulatory system) h) heart with openings to hemocoel (ostia) i) panarthropodan sensilla j) paired, segmental, saccate nephridia O= ONYCHOPHORA: a) external segmentation suppressed b) unique oral papillae a) jointed appendages with intrinsic muscles c) loss of circular muscle layer T= TARDIGRADA: a) loss of heart b) loss of nephridia c) 4 pair stubby, uniramous, unjointed or weakly jointed legs e) tri-radiate, myo-epithelial sucking pharynx

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