21. Bird Biogeography Birds of tropical rainforest comparative biogeography and ecology. Pp. 215228 in biogeography and ecology of forest bird communities (A. Keast, ed.). http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO//birdbiogeography.html

BIO 554/754 Ornithology Bird Biogeography An updated version of these notes can be accessed from a new "Avian Biology' page (http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avian_biology.html) The Class Aves includes two superorders: the Palaeognathae the Neognathae , which includes all other living birds. Currently, taxonomists recognize 29 orders , 195 families, 2029 genera, and over 9700 species of birds see Birds of the World ). These 9700+ species occupy all continents and habitats but, of course, some continents belonging to various lineages have been found in Cretaceous deposits of Asia, Europe, and North and South America. Prominent and well-known Cretaceous bird taxa included the Enantiornithes , a fairly diverse group of birds, mostly flying forms; Hesperornithiformes, toothed birds (see diagram below) which were mostly flightless swimmers; and Ichthyornithiformes toothed flying birds that probably fed on fish. These taxa are extinct today, but by the close of the Cretaceous, representatives of several modern bird taxa were sharing the skies with these extinct birds. A birdwatcher 65 million years ago could have seen relatives of today's loons, geese and ducks, albatrosses and petrels, and gulls and shorebirds, and possibly other familiar birds as well. Loon-like toothed bird Hesperornis regalis swims through the Cretaceous sea.

22. Island Biogeography Wilson of Harvard, developed a theory of island biogeography to explain such uneven distributions. They proposed that the number of species on any island http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Island_Biogeography.html

Island Biogeography W hy do many more species of birds occur on the island of New Guinea than on the island of Bali? One answer is that New Guinea has more than fifty times the area of Bali, and numbers of species ordinarily increase with available space. This does not, however, explain why the Society Islands (Tahiti, Moorea, Bora Bora, etc.), which collectively have about the same area as the islands of the Louisiade Archipelago off New Guinea, play host to many fewer species, or why the Hawaiian Islands, ten times the area of the Louisiades, also have fewer native birds. The theory predicts other things, too. For instance, everything else being equal, distant islands will have lower immigration rates than those close to a mainland, and equilibrium will occur with fewer species on distant islands. Close islands will have high immigration rates and support more species. By similar reasoning, large islands, with their lower extinction rates, will have more species than small ones again everything else being equal (which it frequently is not, for larger islands often have a greater variety of habitats and more species for that reason). Island biogeographic theory has been applied to many kinds of problems, including forecasting faunal changes caused by fragmenting previously continuous habitat. For instance, in most of the eastern United States only patches of the once-great deciduous forest remain, and many species of songbirds are disappearing from those patches. One reason for the decline in birds, according to the theory, is that fragmentation leads to both lower immigration rates (gaps between fragments are not crossed easily) and higher extinction rates (less area supports fewer species).

23. SwetsWise: Login www.swetswise.com/eAccess/ viewTitleIssues.do?titleID=111143 Similar pages IBSThe International biogeography Society has three goals Are you interested in biogeography and would you like to help the society accomplish its goals? http://www.swetswise.com/eAccess/viewTitleIssues.do?titleID=111143

24. Fundamentals Of Biogeography And Ecosystems biogeography is the study of the geographical patterns of plant and animal species. To understand the distribution of plant and animal species on Earth, http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/biogeography/biogeograph

The Physical Environment Contents Glossary Atlas ... Biogeography of the Earth Fundamentals of Biogeography and Ecosystems Biogeography and ecological systems Biogeography is the study of the geographical patterns of plant and animal species. To understand the distribution of plant and animal species on Earth, a fundamental knowledge of ecology and ecosystem dynamics is required. Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms. An ecosystem is a functioning entity of all the organisms in a biological system generally in equilibrium with the inputs and outputs of energy and materials in a particular environment. It is the basic ecological unit of study. There are two kinds of ecosystems, aquatic and terrestrial. An ecosystem is comprised of habitats, biological communities, and ecotones. A biome is often referred to as a global-scale community of plants and animals and is the largest subdivision of the biosphere. A biome may contain many different kinds of smaller ecosystems. Biomes are typically distinguished on the basis of the characteristics of their vegetation because it makes up the largest portion of biomass. Biomes are subdivided by formation class , vegetation units of a dominant species.

25. Biogeographic Diversity biogeography is the study of the distribution of organisms in space and through time . Analyses of the patterns of biogeography can be divided into the two http://cnx.org/content/m12149/latest/

Contact Us Report a Bug Connexions Home ... Help You are here: Home Content » Biogeographic Diversity Content Actions Download PDF Save to del.icio.us (what's this?) Related material Similar content Introduction to the Biodiversity Hierarchy Definition of Biodiversity What is Biodiversity? A comparison of spider communities More » Biogeographic Diversity Module by: Ian Harrison Melina Laverty Eleanor Sterling Biogeography is "the study of the distribution of organisms in space and through time". Analyses of the patterns of biogeography can be divided into the two fields of historical biogeography and ecological biogeography ( Wiley, 1981 Historical biogeography examines past events in the geological history of the Earth and uses these to explain patterns in the spatial and temporal distributions of organisms (usually species or higher taxonomic ranks). For example, an explanation of the distribution of closely related groups of organisms in Africa and South America is based on the understanding that these two land masses were formerly connected as part of a single land mass (Gondwana). The ancestors of those related species which are now found in Africa and South America are assumed to have had a cosmopolitan distribution across both continents when they were connected. Following the separation of the continents by the process of plate tectonics, the isolated populations are assumed to have undergone allopatric speciation i.e.

26. Island Biogeography island biogeography the study of the species composition and SR on islands Island biogeography theory (IBT) a theory proposed to account for the http://www.okstate.edu/artsci/botany/bisc3034/lnotes/islands.htm

ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY Definitions Island Biogeography Theory Examples of Island Biogeography Habitat Islands Endemism DEFINITIONS biogeography : the study of the geographic location of species. island biogeography : the study of the species composition and SR on islands equilibrium species number : The SR of an island at which immigration balances extinction, and which remains roughly constant. extinction and immigration : These mean slightly different things in community ecology. Extinction is the disappearance of a species in a community. Immigration is the appearance of a species in a community ("speciation" is almost nonexistent in the spatial and temporal scales used by ecologists) Island biogeography theory (IBT) : a theory proposed to account for the equilibrium SR on islands. EXAMPLES OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY Simberloff and Wilson 1970: Small mangrove islands in the Florida Keys exhibit high arthropod SR on large and near islands, and low SR on small and far islands predicted according to IBT. They then fogged the islands with methyl bromide, and followed arthropod populations. Within several weeks, SR returned approximately to previous levels, implying they had reached equilibrium. Diamond 1969: Diamond compared 1917 and 1968 bird surveys of the Channel Islands of California, which vary in size and distance from the mainland. There is approximately the same SR in both surveys. However, species composition was different (30% of the species were not shared between the two surveys). This implies that the islands have equilibrium SR, though not species composition.

27. Tetrahymena Biogeography This Web Site provides an arbitrary transect through the history of experimental work on Tetrahymena and raises questions about the evolution and ecology of http://www.life.uiuc.edu/nanney/

The Biogeography and Biodiversity of Tetrahymena Tetrahymana allensae alphacandensis alphapyriformis alphatropicalis americanis-americanis americanis asiatica australis betariformis betatropicalis borealis canadensis capricornis. cosmopolitanis deltatropicalis elliotti gammatropicalis hegewischi hyperangularis leucophrys mimbres nanneyi nippisingi paraamericanis patula pigmentosa oriasi pigmentosa europigmentosa pyriformis rostrata setosa shanghaiensis silvani sonneborni thermophila tropicalis. vorax Tetrahymena Links Society of Protozoologists Tetrahyema Genome Project Tetrahymena Web Links I. Nanney Autobiographic Essays Candide in Academe Meets Tracy Agonistes A coming of Age in Bloomington, 1946-1951 Tilting Windmills - Educational Misadventures in the Big Ten "The materials found on this web site are the imperfect first drafts in a series of essays, and are currently and constantly under revision. Your comments, corrections, and additions are heartily welcomed.....d-nanney@uiuc.edu" II. Tetrahymena in the Real World

28. IngentaConnect Publication: Journal Of Biogeography Journal of biogeography. ISSN 03050270 visit publication homepage Journal of biogeography logo Blackwell Publishing logo http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jbiog

Home About Ingenta Ingenta Labs Ingenta Blog ... Check our FAQs Or contact us to report problems with: Subscription access Article delivery Registration Library administrator tasks ... Other problems For Publishers Why go online? Why choose IngentaConnect? Beyond Print: enhancing your service Access and authentication ... Contact us For Researchers For Authors About IngentaConnect Search and browse Publications available ... Register For Librarians Resource Zone Why choose IngentaConnect? Why choose IngentaConnect Complete? Activating Subscriptions ... Register CM8ShowAd("HorizontalBanner"); Journal of Biogeography ISSN 0305-0270 visit publication homepage Publisher: Blackwell Publishing issues are available electronically Key: - Free Content - New Content - Subscribed Content - Free Trial Content CM8ShowAd("Skyscraper"); Volume 35 Number 4, April 2008 Number 3, March 2008 Number 2, February 2008 Number 1, January 2008 Volume 34 Number 12, December 2007 Number 11, November 2007 Number 10, October 2007 Number 9, September 2007 ... Number 2, February 2007 Volume 33 Number 12, December 2006

29. Rainforest Biogeography biogeography and Plate Tectonics. Developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy v.10. Elsevier, Cambridge. 350 pp. Jacobs M. (1983). The dipterocarps. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/rainfo.html

"Who the heck is this Jonathan Adams, anyway?" This text is a modified and slightly expanded version of a section commissioned for the encyclopedia 'Biosphere' Biosfera ) by Encyclopedia Catalana, published in Barcelona, Spain in 1994. THE DISTRIBUTION AND VARIETY OF EQUATORIAL RAIN FOREST by Jonathan Adams, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA The natural distribution of equatorial rainforest. The equatorial rainforest climate . Near to the Equator, the intense energy input from the sun produces the intertropical convergence zone (the ITCZ), a convection zone of rising air that loses its moisture as frequent, intense rainstorms. In equatorial areas that are relatively isolated from the sea winds that carry water vapour inland, there are breaks in the rainforest belt. Likewise, travelling north and south away from the Equator one generally finds a decrease in rainfall, as the influence of the ITCZ becomes weaker. In these drier places, wherever the annual rainfall falls below about 1600mm with an intense dry season during part of the year, the rainforest gives way to either monsoon (seasonal) forest, open woodland or grassland. However, the actual limits of rainforest do also vary greatly with soil type, and the amount of disturbance from humans and fires. Where the climate remains moist enough to support equatorial rainforest outside the main tropical belt, what finally puts paid to it are low temperatures and frosts. In a few places in the world, such as southern China, a belt of moist evergreen forest continues north or southwards well away from the Equator (as far as 26 degrees North in south-western China), nourished by moisture-bearing winds from the oceans. The ultimate limits to equatorial rainforest in these areas seem to be related to the mean temperature of the coldest winter month, with the final (and rather subjective) boundary between equatorial rainforest and temperate rainforest being drawn on maps at around the point where there is a significant probability of occasional frosts occurring on cold winter nights.

30. Biogeography www.unlv.edu/faculty/riddle/biogeography.html biogeography of the West Indies Patterns and Perspectives - Google Books Resultby Charles A. Woods, Florence E. Sergile - 2001 - Nature - 896 pages http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/riddle/biogeography.html

31. Biogeography Lab The biogeography Laboratory conducts basic and applied research on the ecology, distribution, and conservation status of species and ecosystems. http://www.crseo.ucsb.edu/biogeog/biogeog.html

Biogeography Laboratory Center for Remote Sensing and Environmental Optics University of California at Santa Barbara Overview of the Biogeography Lab The Biogeography Laboratory conducts basic and applied research on the ecology, distribution, and conservation status of species and ecosystems. Research to date has focused on the integration of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods for mapping and modelling at a regional scale vegetation cover types, wildlife distributions, and long-term vegetation change, as well as on methods for assessing the accuracy of vegetation maps. Most work has concentrated on the region of California and the West. The lab is in the Geography Department at UC Santa Barbara, and is headed by Dr. Frank Davis. Projects People Publications Datasets Click here to get to the ftp site for various Biogeography Lab datasets. Return to ICESS Home Page

32. The Oldest North American Primate And Mammalian Biogeography During The Paleocen The transient provincialism displayed by early North American primates corresponds to similar biogeographic patterns noted among fossil plants. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0710180105v1

Published online on March 3, 2008, 10.1073/pnas.0710180105 This Article Full Text (PDF) Supporting Information Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal ... Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via CrossRef Google Scholar Articles by Beard, K. C. PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Beard, K. C. Social Bookmarking What's this? EVOLUTION K. Christopher Beard Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved January 10, 2008 (received for review October 25, 2007) Abstract Undoubted primates first appear almost synchronously in the fossil records of Asia, Europe, and North America. This temporal pattern has complicated efforts to reconstruct the early dispersal history of primates in relation to global climate change and eustatic fluctuations in sea level. Here, I describe fossils

33. Harvard University Press: Historical Biogeography : An Introduction By Jorge V. Historical biogeography An Introduction by Jorge V. Crisci, published by Harvard University Press. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/CRIHIS.html

Home Ordering Search/Browse Contact ... HUP Historical Biogeography An Introduction Jorge V. Crisci Liliana Katinas Paula Posadas Though biogeography may be simply definedthe study of the geographic distributions of organismsthe subject itself is extraordinarily complex, involving a range of scientific disciplines and a bewildering diversity of approaches. For convenience, biogeographers have recognized two research traditions: ecological biogeography and historical biogeography. This book makes sense of the profound revolution that historical biogeography has undergone in the last two decades, and of the resulting confusion over its foundations, basic concepts, methods, and relationships to other disciplines of comparative biology. Using case studies, the authors explain and illustrate the fundamentals and the most frequently used methods of this discipline. They show the reader how to tell when a historical biogeographic approach is called for, how to decide what kind of data to collect, how to choose the best method for the problem at hand, how to perform the necessary calculations, how to choose and apply a computer program, and how to interpret results. Jorge V. Crisci

34. Biodiversity And WORLDMAP. The biogeography Conservation Lab s research programme is a specific Natural History Museum (NHM) response to the Convention on Biological Diversity and http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/worldmap/

@import url("/css/page.css"); @import url("/css/nhm.css"); @import url("/css/research-curation/section.css"); @import url("/css/hacks/IE5win.css"); @import url("/css/typography.css"); @import url("/css/content.css"); @import "/css/hacks/IE5mac.css"; @import url("/css/microsites/microsite-legacy.css"); Skip to page content Research and curation Business centre About us Search Home Visit us Nature online Kids only ... Tring Back to: Projects You are here: Home Projects Biodiversity and WorldMap Biodiversity and WorldMap Biodiversity value Biogeography Worldmap software(demo 26.8.2001) Key references ... World Map Site Map GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY VALUE: a map showing the distribution of some of the most highly valued terrestrial biodiversity world-wide (mammals, reptiles, amphibians and seed plants), using family-level data for equal-area grid cells ref 10 , with red for high biodiversity and blue for low biodiversity. The research programme is a specific Natural History Museum (NHM) response to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the lab is an active partner in many national and international biodiversity initiatives. Its mission is to develop and apply appropriate, explicit and accountable methods to tackle problems in biogeography and in biodiversity assessment to meet conservation needs at any spatial scale (it does not provide data).

35. Systematics And Biogeography In contrast, cladistic biogeography demands that taxa used in analysis are monophyletic, however many fossil groups have no relations that coexisted in the http://urhomology.blogspot.com/

// Label Cloud User Variables var cloudMin = 1; var maxFontSize = 20; var maxColor = [0,0,255]; var minFontSize = 10; var minColor = [0,0,0]; var lcShowCount = false; skip to main skip to sidebar Systematics and Biogeography The Companion Blog for topics addressed in the book Foundations of Systematics and Biogeography. Monday, 31 March 2008 Didn't we discuss this before? I once walked into my colleague's room and pointed out that his sink was leaking and getting some boxes full of reprints wet. I suggested he should get it fixed or move the boxes. We discussed it a little and after a short while it was forgotten. A year later I noticed that the problem had not been fixed. The reprints were all moldy and the leak had spread staining his carpet. I pointed it out to him again. He simply dismissed it with the line "Didn't we discuss this before?" That same line is used throughout systematics and biogeography to dismiss lengthy heated debates that never were resolved. Who, for instance, were the victors in the following debates? Cladistics versus Phenetics Pattern Cladistics versus Numerical cladistics Modern Synthesis versus Cladistic Revolution Dispersal versus vicariance It is said that history is written by the victors. Looking at the above examples we assume that cladistics triumphed over phenetics (overall similarity); Pattern cladistics simply lost a pointless debate; The Modern Synthesis was expelled from numerical revolution and that the dispersalist have finally won in their campaign against the dusty old vicariance biogeographers. In every case above, a heated debate occurred, the problems were addressed and everyone went home feeling like something was resolved. If this is the case why is vicariance still the most prominent theory in systematic biogeography? Why does everyone use phenetic methods? Where have all the cladists gone?

36. Biogeography --  Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on biogeography study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals. It is concerned not only with habitation http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079256/biogeography

var britAdCategory = "science"; Already a member? LOGIN Encyclopædia Britannica - the Online Encyclopedia Home Blog Advocacy Board ... Free Trial Britannica Online Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents biogeography Print this Table of Contents Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. biogeography Page 1 of 1 study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals. It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution. biogeography... (75 of 183 words) To read the full article, activate your FREE Trial Close Enable free complete viewings of Britannica premium articles when linked from your website or blog-post. Now readers of your website, blog-post, or any other web content can enjoy full access to this article on biogeography , or any Britannica premium article for free, even those readers without a premium membership. Just copy the HTML code fragment provided below to create the link and then paste it within your web content. For more details about this feature, visit our Webmaster and Blogger Tools page Copy and paste this code into your page var dc_UnitID = 14; var dc_PublisherID = 15588; var dc_AdLinkColor = '009900'; var dc_adprod='ADL'; var dc_open_new_win = 'yes'; var dc_isBoldActive= 'no';

37. Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ anisamples/ecology/biogeography.html 2k - Cached - Similar pages Blackwell Synergy - J biogeography, Volume 35 Issue 1 Page 22-47 Maximum-parsimony and distance analyses were employed to investigate biogeographical relationships among those areas. A collection of 26 phylogenies of http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/ecology/biogeography.html

38. Biogeography Darwin thought up his Theory Of Common Descent because he had found biogeographic evidence. He thought that that evidence was much stronger than the fossil http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/biogeography.html

Biogeography: The Geographic Distribution Of Species Darwin thought up his Theory Of Common Descent because he had found biogeographic evidence. He thought that that evidence was much stronger than the fossil evidence. Scientists still think so. Basically, some species have suspicious resemblances to supposedly different species that just happen to live nearby. Often, it would be better design for them to instead resemble some further-away species. And, this is the norm. There are a huge number of good examples. The trees on the remote island of St. Helena are unlike the trees anywhere else on earth. Sunflowers are the closest relative to the strange gumwood tree and to the various cabbage-trees. And, the most closely related sunflower is the local sunflower. The scientific explanation is that this volcanic island was originally formed far away from any continent, and therefore started out with no land plants. Eventually, some sunflower seeds managed to get there. Since no one else was filling the role of "tree", the largest plants on the island - some of the sunflowers - took the job. Transformed by time and competition and by the demands of their role, they now look like trees. Every other remote island has its own examples. In the Galapagos, the role of woodpecker is taken by a finch. Or rather, it's mostly a finch, but it has a beak specialized for the woodpecker role. Apparently, the only land bird which got to the Galapagos was a finch, so all the land birds there are modified finches. (DNA studies prove the relationship.)

39. Biological ESTEEM: Excel Simulations And Tools For Exploratory, Experiential Mat This excel workbook demonstrates the principles of the MacArthurWilson theory of Island biogeography. It allows the user to define the mainland species http://www.bioquest.org/esteem/esteem_details.php?product_id=211

40. Biogeography 2000 The introduction of phylogenetics into biogeographic studies emphasized the need for geological data. Geologists from their side, while learning much about http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/symposia/Biogeography2000/home.htm

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