21. EFA » Cryptography A brief discussion to the importance of cryptography in the global information infrastructure. Why it is needed. Why the subject is controversial. http://www.efa.org.au/cryptography/

Home About EFA Join EFA Donate to EFA ... Contact EFA Cryptography It is important that there be voices of equal strength to speak for human rights, the rule of law and protecting - The Hon. Justice Michael Kirby, Justice of the High Court of Australia, EPIC International Symposium on The Public Voice and the Development of International Cryptography Policy , Paris, September 1996. Introduction to Cryptography A brief discussion to the importance of cryptography in the global information infrastructure. Why it is needed. Why the subject is controversial. Crypto Politics Information on the current situation in cryptography politics. Includes export restrictions, key recovery, key escrow, national and international moves to restrict availability of cryptographic methods and algorithms. The Australian Crypto FAQ Frequently Asked Questions concerning Australian cryptography policy and related information. Cryptography Resources Resources available on cryptography theory and algorithms. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) Detailed information on installing and using PGP, the readily available strong cryptography tool for the masses. Where to get it. How to install it. The Terminology of Cryptography A glossary of terms relating to cryptography.

22. What Is Cryptography? - A Definition From Whatis.com cryptography is the science of information security. The word is derived from the Greek kryptos, meaning hidden. cryptography is closely related to the http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/dictionary/definition/214431/cryptog

mboxCreate('global'); cryptography Home Software Quality Definitions - Cryptography SearchSoftwareQuality.com Definitions (Powered by WhatIs.com) EMAIL THIS LOOK UP TECH TERMS Powered by: Search listings for thousands of IT terms: Browse tech terms alphabetically: A B C D ... Z cryptography Digg This! StumbleUpon Del.icio.us ttWriteMboxDiv('searchSoftwareQuality_Definition_Body'); ttWriteMboxContent('searchSoftwareQuality_Definition_Body'); - Cryptography is the science of information security. The word is derived from the Greek kryptos , meaning hidden. Cryptography is closely related to the disciplines of cryptology and cryptanalysis . Cryptography includes techniques such as microdots, merging words with images, and other ways to hide information in storage or transit. However, in today's computer-centric world, cryptography is most often associated with scrambling plaintext (ordinary text, sometimes referred to as cleartext) into ciphertext (a process called encryption ), then back again (known as decryption ). Individuals who practice this field are known as cryptographers. Modern cryptography concerns itself with the following four objectives: Confidentiality (the information cannot be understood by anyone for whom it was unintended) Integrity (the information cannot be altered in storage or transit between sender and intended receiver without the alteration being detected) Non-repudiation (the creator/sender of the information cannot deny at a later stage his or her intentions in the creation or transmission of the information)

23. Cryptography Definition: TechEncyclopedia From TechWeb cryptography The conversion of data into a secret code for transmission over a public network. http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=cryptography

24. Cryptography In OpenBSD It s more than designing strong cryptography into a system; it s designing the entire system such that all security measures, including cryptography, http://www.openbsd.org/crypto.html

"The mantra of any good security engineer is: "Security is not a product, but a process." It's more than designing strong cryptography into a system; it's designing the entire system such that all security measures, including cryptography, work together." Bruce Schneier, author of "Applied Cryptography". Cryptography Index Why do we ship cryptography? OpenSSH Pseudo Random Number Generators (PRNG): ARC4, ... Cryptographic Hash Functions Cryptographic Transforms : DES, Blowfish, ... Cryptographic Hardware support International Cryptographers wanted Further Reading Why do we ship cryptography? In three words: because we can The OpenBSD project is based in Canada. The Export Control List of Canada places no significant restriction on the export of cryptographic software, and is even more explicit about the free export of freely-available cryptographic software. Marc Plumb has done some research to test the cryptographic laws Hence the OpenBSD project has embedded cryptography into numerous places in the operating system. We require that the cryptographic software we use be freely available and with good licenses . We do not directly use cryptography with nasty patents. We also require that such software is from countries with useful export licenses because we do not wish to break the laws of any country. The cryptographic software components which we use currently were written in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Germany, Greece, Norway, and Sweden.

25. EPIC Archive - Cryptography Policy A. Michael Froomkin, The Metaphor is the Key cryptography, the Clipper Chip and the Constitution, The University of Pennsylvania Law Review (January 1995). http://epic.org/crypto/

Cryptography Policy Media Coverage of Recent Proposals Previous News Reports Policy Areas ... Other Materials In the wake of the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C. on September 11, 2001, there have been renewed calls among some lawmakers for restrictions on the use and availability of strong encryption products. In Congressional floor statements on September and , Senator Judd Gregg (R-NH) called for a global "new regime" in the area of encryption which would grant law enforcement access to private keys. Sen. Gregg has now stated, however, that he does not intend to introduce a bill to give effect to this proposal. Civil liberties and privacy advocates strongly oppose any attempts to require key escrow, key recovery or other means of accessing encryption keys, arguing that they are an unjustified restriction of individuals' fundamental privacy rights, detrimental to security, costly, subject to massive abuse, and ultimately ineffective crime prevention methods. Technology and security experts also oppose any restricitons on encryption, arguing that they would damage comsumer trust in e-commerce transactions. Media Coverage of Recent Proposals Senator Backs Off Backdoors , by Declan McCullagh, Wired News, Oct. 17, 2001

26. Learning About Cryptography A basic introduction to cryptography ciphers, keys, keyspace, strength, cryptanalysis, etc. A Ciphers By Ritter page. http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/LEARNING.HTM

Learning About Cryptography A Basic Introduction to Crypto A Ciphers By Ritter Page Terry Ritter 2006 January 20 For some reason, good cryptography is just much harder than it looks. This field seems to have a continuous flow of experts from other fields who offer cryptographic variations of ideas which are common in their other field. Now, there is nothing wrong with new ideas. But there are in fact many extremely intelligent and extremely well-educated people with wide-ranging scientific interests who are active in this field. It is very common to find that so-called "new" ideas have been previously addressed under another name or as a general concept. Try to get some background before you get in too deep. You may wish to help support this work by patronizing Ritter's Crypto Bookshop Contents The Fundamental Idea of Cryptography A Concrete Example A Simple Cipher Enciphering ... For Designers The Fundamental Idea of Cryptography It is possible to transform or encipher a message or plaintext into "an intermediate form" or ciphertext in which the original information is present but hidden.

27. Cryptography - Definition From The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Definition of cryptography from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cryptography

Home Visit Our Sites Unabridged Dictionary Learner's Dictionary ... Contact Us Also Visit: Unabridged Encyclopedia Britannica Visual ESL: Learner's for Kids: Spell It! Word Central Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Search "cryptography" in: Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Dictionary Open Dictionary Browse words next to: cryptography Browse the Dictionary: A B C D ... Z cryptography One entry found. cryptography Main Entry: Pronunciation: Function: noun Etymology: New Latin cryptographia, from crypt- -graphia -graphy Date:  secret writing  the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher also  the computerized encoding and decoding of information cryptanalysis Learn more about "cryptography" and related topics at Britannica.com Find Jobs in Your City Pronunciation Symbols Products ... Advertising Info

28. GILC -- Cryptography And Liberty Through the use of cryptography, communication and information stored and transmitted by computers can be protected against interception to a very high http://www.gilc.org/crypto/crypto-survey.html

The 1999 update of this report is now available CRYPTOGRAPHY AND LIBERTY 1998 AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY OF ENCRYPTION POLICY February 1998 Global Internet Liberty Campaign http://www.gilc.org/ The Importance of Cryptography Encryption and Human Rights GILC and Encryption ... Index by Country Acknowledgements This Report was made possible by a grant from the Open Society Institute ( http://www.soros.org/osiny.html ). EPIC Senior Fellow Wayne Madsen was the principal researcher and writer. Members of the Global Internet Liberty Campaign provided assistance. Lisa Kamm created the HTML version of the Report. The Importance of Cryptography Emerging computer and communications technologies are radically altering the ways in which we communicate and exchange information. Along with the speed, efficiency, and cost-saving benefits of the "digital revolution" come new challenges to the security and privacy of communications and information traversing the global communications infrastructure. Governmental regulation of cryptographic security techniques endangers personal privacy. Encryption ensures the confidentiality of personal records, such as medical information, personal financial data, and electronic mail. In a networked environment, such information is increasingly at risk of theft or misuse. In their "Resolution in Support of the Freedom to Use Cryptography," members of the Global Internet Liberty Campaign (GILC) noted that "the use of cryptography implicates human rights and matters of personal liberty that affect individuals around the world" and that "the privacy of communication is explicitly protected by Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and national law." See Resolution in Support of the Freedom to Use Cryptography, September 25, 1996 (Appendix B).

29. CS 276: Cryptography This class teaches the theory, foundations and applications of modern cryptography. In particular, we treat cryptography from a complexitytheoretic http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw/cs276/

CS 276: Cryptography Overview CS 276 is a graduate class on cryptography offered in the Spring 2002 semester. Instructors: Luca Trevisan and David Wagner. Time: 12:302:00pm, Tuesdays and Thursdays. Location: 306 Soda. Prerequisites: CS 170 or equivalent. Web page: http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw/cs276/ This class teaches the theory, foundations and applications of modern cryptography. In particular, we treat cryptography from a complexity-theoretic viewpoint. In recent years, researchers have found many practical applications for these theoretical results, and so we will also discuss their impact along the way and how one may use the theory to design secure systems. Schedule macro files for scribes are here Jan 22: [L] Basic motivating scenarios for cryptography. Definition of one-way functions, trapdoor functions, and permutations. Basics on number theory, RSA. [notes] Jan 24: [L] Rabin's function, definitions of security. [notes] Jan 29: [L] Hard-core predicates, the Goldwasser-Micali cryptosystem. [notes] Jan 31: [L] Proof of the Goldreich-Levin Theorem [notes] Feb 5: [D] Stronger definitions of security (non-malleability, chosen cyphertext attacks)

30. Cryptography And Steganography JavaScrypt BrowserBased cryptography. A collection of Web pages and programs in the JavaScript language perform military-grade encryption (256 bit secret http://www.fourmilab.ch/nav/topics/crypto.html

Cryptography and Steganography Codegroup Utility which encodes and decodes binary files into five-letter code groups just like secret agents use. Handy for sending small binary messages by telephone, radio, or telegraph. HotBits Quantum mechanics teaches us that, at the deepest level, uncertainty rules the universe: there are things we cannot predict, even in principle. HotBits harnesses this fundamental uncertainty of nature to generate truly random bits, unlike the pseudorandom sequences created by an algorithm on a computer. Along the way, you'll find a discussion of the hardware and software used to generate the random bytes comprehensive enough to build your own, and peek under the hood of quantum mechanics to see why the data are genuinely random, and some of the implications of all this. JavaScrypt : Browser-Based Cryptography A collection of Web pages and programs in the JavaScript language perform military-grade encryption (256 bit secret key AES entirely within your Web browser you needn't download nor install any software, and nothing is sent to any Web site when you encrypt or decrypt a message. You can download the page source and JavaScript programs to your own computer and use them even when not connected to the Internet. Companion pages provide a text-based steganography facility and key generator suitable for preparing one-time key lists. Please visit the JavaScrypt Home Page for details, or the

31. Quantum Cryptography Tutorial An overview and history of Quantum cryptography with an example protocol. http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~jford/crypto.html

Quantum Cryptography Tutorial 1. Introduction 2. Standard Cryptography 3. History of Quantum Cryptography 4. Quantum Coding ... 7. References 1. Introduction Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a common communication channel to create a body of shared and secret information. This information, which generally takes the form of a random string of bits, can then be used as a conventional secret key for secure communication. It is useful to assume that the communicating parties initially share a small amount of secret information, which is used up and then renewed in the exchange process, but even without this assumption exchanges are possible. The advantage of quantum cryptography over traditional key exchange methods is that the exchange of information can be shown to be secure in a very strong sense, without making assumptions about the intractability of certain mathematical problems. Even when assuming hypothetical eavesdroppers with unlimited computing power, the laws of physics guarantee (probabilistically) that the secret key exchange will be secure, given a few other assumptions. TOC Intro Std. Crypt.

32. RSA Laboratories - Crypto FAQ Frequently asked questions (FAQ) on cryptography by RSA Security Inc. http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2152

33. Cryptography And Information Security Group (CIS Group) MIT cryptographic research group founded by Ron Rivest. Projects, publications and theses. http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cis/

Cryptography and Information Security Group (CIS Group) The CIS Group is part of the Theory of Computation Group of MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science Professors Shafi Goldwasser , Silvio Micali, and Ron Rivest founded this group in Fall 1995. Here is the CIS group's mission statement CIS Group links: CIS people CIS research projects CIS publications (partial list) Theses CIS seminars (both upcoming and past) A set of web pages maintained for DARPA, who sponsors much of the research in this group. For a great collection of related information, check out Ron Rivest's collection of links on Cryptography and Security If you are a member of the CIS group, and have some software that falls under the US export laws that you would like to publish on the Web, read this page . It describes the Domestic Web Server , which can limit the distribution of export-controlled software to those users who represent themselves as eligible to receive it. The author of the dws believes this due diligence is sufficient to satisfy current US export laws. CIS Home CIS Research Projects CIS Publications Theses ... boyko@theory.lcs.mit.edu

34. O'Reilly Media | Java Cryptography Java cryptography teaches you how to write secure programs using Java s cryptographic tools. It includes thorough discussions of the java.security package http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/javacrypt/

My Account View Cart Home Network ... Order Info Buy this Book Print Book PDF Chapter Read it Now! Print Book Reprint Licensing Tell a friend Java Cryptography By Jonathan Knudsen First Edition May 1998 Pages: 362 Average of 9 Customer Reviews Book description Java Cryptography teaches you how to write secure programs using Java's cryptographic tools. It includes thorough discussions of the java.security package and the Java Cryptography Extensions (JCE), showing you how to use security providers and even implement your own provider. It discusses authentication, key management, public and private key encryption, and includes a secure talk application that encrypts all data sent over the network. If you work with sensitive data, you'll find this book indispensable. Full Description The Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) The Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Cryptographic providers The Sun key management tools Message digests, digital signatures, and certificates (X509v3) Block and stream ciphers Implementations of the ElGamal signature and cipher algorithms A network talk application that encrypts all data sent over the network An email application that encrypts its messages Covers JDK 1.2 and JCE 1.2.

35. [quant-ph/0101098] Quantum Cryptography Preprint with the overview of quantum cryptography. http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0101098

arXiv.org quant-ph Search or Article-id Help Advanced search All papers Titles Authors Abstracts Full text Help pages Full-text links: Download: PostScript PDF Other formats Citations SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted) CiteBase 1 trackback quant-ph new recent Quantum Physics Title: Quantum Cryptography Authors: Nicolas Gisin Wolfgang Tittel Hugo Zbinden (Submitted on 19 Jan 2001 ( ), last revised 18 Sep 2001 (this version, v2)) Abstract: Quantum cryptography could well be the first application of quantum mechanics at the individual quanta level. The very fast progress in both theory and experiments over the recent years are reviewed, with emphasis on open questions and technological issues. Comments: 55 pages, 32 figures; to appear in Reviews of Modern Physics Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:quant-ph/0101098v2 Submission history From: Gregoire Ribordy [ view email Fri, 19 Jan 2001 16:35:48 GMT (769kb) Tue, 18 Sep 2001 19:31:51 GMT (895kb) Which authors of this paper are endorsers? Link back to: arXiv form interface contact

36. SpringerLink Home - Main www.springerlink.com/openurl. asp?genre=journal issn=09251022 - Similar pages www.inderscience.com - Int. J. of Applied cryptography - IJACTThe International Journal of Applied cryptography, from Inderscience Publishers, proposes and fosters discussion on cryptographic algorithms and protocols http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=0925-1022

37. Cryptography - Wikibooks, Collection Of Open-content Textbooks cryptography is the study of transforming information in order to make it secure cryptography/Scratch pad a mid-way ground for importing articles from http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cryptography

Cryptography From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection Jump to: navigation search Welcome to Cryptography Cryptography is the study of transforming information in order to make it secure from unintended recipients or use. Part I: Introducing Cryptography Introduction to Cryptography History of Cryptography Classical Cryptography Contemporary Cryptography ... Timeline of Notable Events Fundamental Concepts Goals of Cryptography Goals of Cryptanalysis Role of Cryptography in Computer Security Symmetric Ciphers ... Common flaws and weaknesses Part II: Designing Ciphers The Basic Principles Little Secrets Hide Bigger Secrets Open Algorithms and the Value of Peer-Review Think Like a Cryptanalyst ... Unbroken is Not Necessarily Unbreakable Part III: Breaking Ciphers The Basic Principles Weaknesses Proportionality of Secrecy Length of the key Quality of Random Source Plaintext effect on Ciphertext ... Social Engineering and Coercion Attacks Brute-Force Attack Frequency Analysis Index of Coincidence Linear Cryptanalysis ... Vigen¨re Cipher Part IV: Using Ciphers Applying Cryptography Digital Signatures Introduction to Digital Signatures DSA Database protection E-Cash ... Anonymity Classical Ciphers Beale Cipher Transposition Ciphers Caesar Cipher Atbash Cipher ... Vigen¨re Cipher Contemporary Ciphers Symmetric Ciphers Enigma Machine One-Time Pads Data Encryption Standard (DES) Advanced Encryption Standard Asymmetric Ciphers Overview RSA ElGamal Elliptic Curve ... Tiger Protocols Authentication protocols eg. Kerberos

38. Handbook Of Applied Cryptography This site provides order information, updates, errata, supplementary information, chapter bibliographies, and other information for the 1996 CRC Handbook of http://www.dms.auburn.edu/hac/

Handbook of Applied Cryptography The current version of this web page is available at http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac Please update your bookmarks and links. May 1999

39. Quantum Computation/Cryptography At Los Alamos This Homepage will give you an overview of the work done at Los Alamos on Quantum Computation and cryptography as well as related links. http://qso.lanl.gov/qc/

Quantum Computation/Cryptography at Los Alamos "Where a calculator on the Eniac is equipped with 18000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1000 tubes and weigh only 1 1/2 tons" Popular Mechanics, March 1949 This Homepage will give you an overview of the work done at Los Alamos on Quantum Computation and Cryptography as well as related links. The idea of quantum computation and cryptography is to use the laws of quantum mechanics for either computing or exchange secrets messages. Using quantum mechanics instead of classical mechanics has huge advantages but also some drawbacks. Quantum mechanics makes the applications much more powerful but at the same time much more fragile against noise. To learn more about this browse around! Overview of achievements in T6-CIC3 groups People doing Quantum Computation/Cryptography at Los Alamos Theory at Los Alamos Experiments at Los Alamos ... Proceedings of the Quantum Coherence and Decoherence, Santa-Barbara, Dec 15-18, 1996. New - New - New Experimental Quantum Error Correction (or pdf) Quantum error correction is required to compensate for the fragility of the state of a quantum computer. We report the first experimental implementations of quantum error correction and confirm the expected state stabilization. A precise study of the decay behavior is studied in alanine and a full implemetation of error correction protocol is implemented in trichloroethylene. In NMR computing, however, a net improvement in the signal-to-noise would require very high polarization. The experiment implemented the 3-bit code for phase errors in liquid state state NMR.

40. Java SE Security This page contains Security as related to Java SE. http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/security/

Skip to Content Sun Java Solaris ... Technologies Java SE Security Many technologies, one platform Java SE technologies provide the functionality to develop and run applications Overview Technologies Reference Community Support Downloads ... Accessibility Security Tools Web Services Real-Time Java SE Security Java security technology includes a large set of APIs, tools, and implementations of commonly used security algorithms, mechanisms, and protocols. The Java security APIs span a wide range of areas, including cryptography, public key infrastructure, secure communication, authentication, and access control. Java security technology provides the developer with a comprehensive security framework for writing applications, and also provides the user or administrator with a set of tools to securely manage applications. Java SE Security Documentation Java SE 6 Other Resources: Java SE Security overview Security documentation White papers Books ... JCE , and JSSE Optional packages Java SE Security Overview Underlying the Java SE Platform is a dynamic, extensible security architecture, standards-based and interoperable. Security features — cryptography, authentication and authorization, public key infrastructure, and more — are built in. The Java security model is based on a customizable "sandbox" in which Java software programs can run safely, without potential risk to systems or users. The table below describes each security feature in more detail and points you to resources with more information.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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