41. Fluvial Geomorphology Fluvial geomorphology and rivergravel mining a guide for planners, case studies included. California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and http://www.watershedrestoration.water.ca.gov/fishpassage/references/topics/fluvi

California Home Governor Home Amber Alert DWR Home ... Bulletin 250 (Now Available!) Fish Passage Improvement Fluvial Geomorphology Brown, A.V., M.M. Lyttle, and K.B. Brown. 1998. Impacts of gravel mining on gravel bed streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 127:979-994. Collins, B. and T. Dunne. 1989. Fluvial geomorphology and river-gravel mining: a guide for planners, case studies included. California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 98. Fischenich, J. C. 2003. Effects of Riprap on Riverine and Riparian Ecosystems. ERDC/EL TR-03-4, U.S. Army Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Kemp, Joanna L., David M. Harper, Giuseppe A. Crosa. 2000. The habitat-scale ecohydraulics of rivers. Ecological Engineering. 16. 17-29. Kondolf, G. Mathias, Eric W. Larsen. 2000. Measuring and modeling the hydraulic environment for assessing instream flows. American Fisheries Society. 20: 1016-1028. Kondolf, G.M. 1990. Hydrologic and channel stability considerations in stream habitat restoration (in: Environmental Restoration, J.J. Berger, ed) Island Press, Covelo CA.

42. D&M Pyramid - Geomorphology The hypothesis that the D M Pyramid is the result of geomorphological processes requires that some mechanism be proposed to account for its formation. http://users.starpower.net/etorun/pyramid/geomorphology.html

Geomorphology Fluvial Deposition/Erosion It is now almost universally accepted that liquid water once flowed on Mars, this belief supported by the discovery by the Mariner 9 mission As mentioned earlier, there is a theory that the basin north of Cydonia called Acidalia Planitia was once a shallow sea . There are features in the study area that are suggestive of lacustrine erosion, such as small craters with a "smudged" appearance that may at one time have been submerged and subject to shallow wave action. There are also some curvilinear features suggestive of lacustrine deposition. The D&M Pyramid, however, bears no resemblance to these features. Aeolian Deposition/Erosion Aeolian depositional landforms on Mars typically take the form of sand dunes which are morphologically similar to those found on Earth, and have been described by Breed, Grolier, and McCauley . Dunes may occur singly, in small groups, or in dune fields, and are transient in form and location. Dunes will occasionally form star-shaped dunes and crescent-shaped symmetrical dunes known as barchans, but no dune will ever form a symmetrical polyhedron resembling the one under study. Flat sides and straight edges are unobserved in terrestrial or Martian sand dunes. Another type of aeolian landform that can be somewhat pyramidal in shape are known as ventifacts. Terrestrial ventifacts are normally formed from small rocks that are exposed to the abrasive action of sand carried by the wind. Multifaceted terrestrial ventifacts are believed to have been produced as a result of movement of a rock causing it to present different faces to the direction of the prevailing winds, a process described by Sharp

43. AGU Chapman Conference On Salt Marsh Geomorphology: Physical And Ecological Effe Intertidal geomorphology – Quantitative analyses of topography in the intertidal zone and interactions between sedimentary processes and topography. http://www.agu.org/meetings/cc04ccall.html

AGU Chapman Conference on Salt Marsh Geomorphology: Physical and Ecological Effects on Landform Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 9-13 October 2004 Conveners Program Committee Cosponsors Conference Objective ... Further Information Conveners: Raymond Torres , University of South Carolina; Email: Torres@geol.sc.edu Danika van Proosdij , Saint Mary's University; Email: dvanproo@smu.ca Sergio Fagherazzi , Florida State University; Email: sergio@csit.fsu.edu Charles Hopkinson , Marine Biological Laboratory; Email: chopkins@mbl.edu Program Committee: Carl L. Amos, South Hampton Ocean. Inst, UK Keith S. Black, St. Andrews University, UK Linda Blum, University of Virginia, USA Grace Brush, Johns Hopkins University, USA D.R. Cahoon, US Geological Survey, USA Alan Decho, U. of South Carolina, USA Keith Dyer, University of Plymouth, UK Jon French, U College, London, UK Markus Huettel, University of Maryland, USA G.M.E. Perillo, Bahia Blanca Inst., Argentina Denise J. Reed, U. of New Orleans, USA Andrea Rinaldo, University of Padua, Italy Particia Wiberg, University of Virginia, USA

44. NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC - Images Of Great Lakes Geomorphology From NGDC Marine Geology Plates Figures from LakeFloor geomorphology of Lake Erie , WDC for MGG RP3 More About Great Lakes geomorphology. Data More Info on Great Lakes Data http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/greatlakesimages.html

The NGDC header and web page search is in an undisplayed frame - follow this link to view it NOAA NESDIS NGDC ... Natural Hazards Images of Great Lakes Geomorphology Animated Tours/Movies Go to a page with animated tours of Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and the Straits of Mackinac Regional High resolution Great Lakes Basin Regional Map in .PDF form Lake Erie/Saint Clair Lake Erie/Saint Clair Images Downloadable or on CD-ROM Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair Posters Downloadable .PDF or printed posters Plates & Figures from "Lake-Floor Geomorphology of Lake Erie", WDC for MGG RP3 JPG: 1531x720 Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair PDF: Low Resolution 72 dpi Poster Lake Michigan Lake Michigan Images Downloadable or on CD-ROM Bathymetry of Lake Michigan Posters Downloadable .PDF or printed posters GIF: 468x792 Bathymetry of Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Bathymetry of Lake Ontario Posters Downloadable .PDF or printed posters JPG: 1280x594 Bathymetry of Lake Ontario JPG: 512x238 Bathymetry of Lake Ontario PDF: Low Resolution 72dpi Poster More About Great Lakes Geomorphology Data: If you use these images, please credit the underlying data sources/funding institutions of the data from which the images were derived, and

45. Coastal Geomorphology & Habitats Coastal geomorphology Habitats. The following information was developed by the Michigan Chapter of The Nature Conservancy. Cobble Bedrock Beach http://www.hillsdalecounty.info/planningeduc0025.asp

Land Use Planning Information The following information was developed by the Michigan Chapter of The Nature Conservancy. Conifer Swamp Great Lakes Marsh Top Cobble beach and bedrock beach are two rocky beach types that occur where limestone bedrock forms the shore of Lake Huron or Lake Michigan. From the air, this narrow beach zone is dramatically white due to the limestone cobblestones, boulders or fractured bedrock there. Occasionally cobble-bedrock beach areas include sandy beach or dunes in small sheltered bays where sand collects on top of cobbles. In other places sand is rare and huge boulders deposited by glaciers now lie exposed, hewn by wind and waves. The Great Lakes limestone that forms cobble-bedrock beaches is part of a large geologic formation called the Niagara escarpment. This formation is responsible for Niagara Falls to the east, the cliffs in Wisconsin's Door Peninsula to the west, and parts of the Upper Peninsula's southern shoreline. Limestone is chalky and calcium-rich and erodes to make soils that are highly alkaline. Such soils help provide habitat for a number of rare plants, some found only along northern Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. Only certain plants can survive in the chalky, calcium-rich soil on these rocky beaches, which are constantly exposed to wind, ice, changing lake levels and lapping waves. Perhaps one of the most beautiful plants of this shoreline is the dwarf lake iris, a rare species that typically grows immediately out of reach of high waters under conifer trees and shrubs on the edge of the beach. Another rare plant is Houghton's goldenrod, whose seeds germinate in shoreline cleared of competing plants. It typically likes bedrock cracks or the wet, sandy margins of cobble beaches. Orange lichen survives in this beach zone by hugging tightly to the tops of rocks, keeping a low profile against summer waves and winter ice. Animals utilize cobble-bedrock beach for many reasons. Birds perch in nearby trees from which they can fly to feed on insects, frogs or fish in neighboring marshes, swamps or forests. Mammals use the shoreline as a travel and feeding corridor.

46. Principles Of Geomorphology - W. W. Locke The study of geomorphology provides a working understanding of the terminology of landforms and the processes and history of landscape evolution. http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~ueswl/geomorph.html

December 03, 2007 Contact Dr. William Locke Return to Dr. Locke's Home Page GEOMORPHOLOGY - Earth Science 307 - Autumn, 2007 Instructor: Professor William Locke Office: Traphagen Hall, room 223; 994-6918; wlocke@montana.edu Office Hours: M/F 11-12 and any time my office door is open. Textbooks: 1) D. F. Ritter, R. C. Kochel, and J. R. Miller; 2002, Process Geomorphology (4th), W. C. Brown, Dubuque IA 2) Geomorphology Field Trip Notes Course Summary Course Schedule Lab Schedule Synopsis of topics covered in the course ... The "Virtual Geomorphology" - from the Association of Polish Geomorphologists General Course Summary: This course meets Tuesday and Thursday at 12:45 PM (possibly 12:30) in room 204 Traphagen . The labs meet in 100 Traphagen Tuesday (Section 02) or Wednesday (Section 04) at 2:10 PM , or at the Motor Pool (6th and Grant) for field trips. Please be punctual - we will start on time! The study of geomorphology provides a working understanding of the terminology of landforms and the processes and history of landscape evolution. It serves the needs of geologists, geographers, soil scientists, construction engineers, and others for whom an understanding of the Earth's surface is essential. If you cannot recall the general principles involved with the work of water, wind, ice, etc., you should review your notes and text from the prerequisite course. Mention will be made in this course to material covered in Physical Geography (weather and climate) and Historical Geology, but only ESCI 111 OR 112 is

47. CHAPTER 10 - STUDY GUIDE Uniformitarianism is an important theory central to understanding in geology and geomorphology. This theory suggests that the continuing uniformity of http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/studyguide_ch10.html

CHAPTER 10 - STUDY GUIDE HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere Summary of the Chapter All landforms are composed of rocks or their weathered by products. Three main types of rocks can be identified on the Earth's surface: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. The rock cycle is a model that describes how various geological processes create, modify and influence rocks. The rock cycle suggests that all rocks originated from magma. This model also suggests that all rock types can be melted back into magma by tectonic forces that return rock to the mantle. Time has a unique meaning to geoscientists. To a geoscientist time is not measured in seconds, minutes or days, but in eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Each one of these units measures time according to major geologic events that have occurred over the 4.6 billion years of Earth history. When a geoscientist mentions the Cretaceous we know that this is a time period that occurred between 65 to 144 million years ago. Uniformitarianism is an important theory central to understanding in geology and geomorphology. This theory suggests that the continuing uniformity of existing geomorphic and geologic processes should be used as the intellectual framework for understanding the geologic history of the Earth. It rejects the idea that the landscape of the Earth is the result of catastrophic processes (e.g., the biblical flood).

48. Geomorphology Of Stony Brook-Setauket-Port Jefferson The geomorphology of Long Island has been evaluated earlier based on US Geological Survey topographic maps (see for example, Fuller, 1914; and Sirkin, http://www.geo.sunysb.edu/reports/dem_2/

Glacial Geology of the Stony Brook-Setauket-Port Jefferson Area Gilbert N. Hanson Last updated on October 04, 2007 High resolution digital elevation models are available for the State of New York including Long Island. These have a horizontal resolution of 10 meters and are based on 7.5' topographic maps. For those quadrangles with 10' contour intervals, interpolation results in elevations with an uncertainty of about 4'. The appearance is as if one were viewing color-enhanced images of a barren terrain, for example Mars. This allows one to see much greater detail than is possible on a standard topographic map. The images shown on this web site have a much lower resolution than are obtainable from the files directly. Digital Elevation Models for Long Island and surrounding area can be downloaded as self extracting zip files at http://www.geo.sunysb.edu/reports/dem_2/dems/ A ca. five foot long version (jpg) of the DEM of Long Island (see above except with scale and north arrow) for printing can be downloaded at this link . The file is 7 MB, so be patient.

49. GEOMORPHOLOGY AT CYDONIA - MARS FACE geomorphic features in Cydonia does not support a primary reliance on . Erjavec, J. L., 1994, Cydonia Region Geomorphic Feature Map (unpublished). http://www.greatdreams.com/geology.htm

GEOLOGIST QUESTIONS "DIFFERENTIAL EROSION" AT CYDONIA GEOMORPHOLOGY AT CYDONIA By James L. Erjavec (Notes and editing by Stanley V. McDaniel, author of The McDaniel Report) ABOUT THE AUTHOR: James L. Erjavec has an M.S. in geology from The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, and a B.S. in geology from The Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio. He is a geologist and Computer/Geographic Information System (GIS) Analyst with over 13 years experience in those fields. A specialist in mapping and computer graphics, he has developed an extensive geomorphic feature map of the Cydonia region to assist in the establishment of a geologic baseline for continued studies. The paper presented below is a shortened form of a longer piece titled "A Geologic and Geomorphic Investigative Approach to some of the Enigmatic Cydonia Landforms." It is important to consider Erjavec's paper in relation to NASA's claim that the debated landforms at Cydonia have already been subjected to a thorough scientific study. From Erjavec's discussion it would appear that NASA geomorphologists who maintain that the debated Cydonian objects are simply a result of "differential erosion" have not had the last word on this subject and that there is much to learn. For further information regarding the

50. Applied Fluvial Geomorphology Applied Fluvial geomorphology River Morphology and Applications general principles of fluvial geomorphology, sedimentation, hydraulics, restoration, http://www.wildlandhydrology.com/html/i.htm

I. Applied Fluvial Geomorphology Fee: $1500 5 Day Course Prerequisite: Good basic survey skills General Description: Instructor for the classes offered by Wildland Hydrology: David L. Rosgen, PhD , is a Registered Professional Hydrologist and the principal hydrologist of Wildland Hydrology Consultants. He has 42 years of experience in stream morphology, restoration, sedimentology, stream classification development and applications, grazing and riparian systems management, cumulative water resource impact assessment and modeling, fish habitat enhancement, and conducts research in river studies. He designs, supervises, contracts and monitors a variety of large scale river restoration projects throughout the United States. Dave conducts short courses throughout North America for government agency personnel, universities and consulting firms in river morphology, restoration, and wildland hydrology. Dave is the author of "Applied River Morphology," published in 1996. E-mail: wildland@wildlandhydrology.com

51. Geomorphology Or Landscapes , Educational Resources For K-16 geomorphology or Landscapes, Educational Resources for K16, Kentucky Geological Survey. http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/geomorphology.htm

KGS Home Earth Science Education Geomorphology or Landscapes KidSat , NASA. This site is planned and operated by students and contains pictures and information about the weather and atmosphere as viewed from space. Under the education and curriculum heading, Unit 2 is about landscapes and contains lessons, goals, and objectives. There is also information about how pictures are taken from space, mission information, a photo gallery, and teacher training. Earth System Science , Universities Space Systems Association. This site is maintained by a cooperative University Program and NASA. It's goal is to provide information and foster collaboration concerning studies of Earth's global systems. It has a comprehensive link to data sources (many NASA's own) that provide access to hundreds of locations for data, maps, satellite images, software tools, system diagrams, pictures, and videos concerning various landscapes on the Earth's surface. Under the Data Resources subheading, scroll down to Satellite Images and choose the Satellite Radar Images site for some wonderful ESS images of rivers, mountains, volcanoes, etc. Terra Server , Microsoft. This site uses U.S. Geological Survey aerial photos around the world. You can search sites by typing in the name of a location, choosing a location from a world map, or choose from a gallery of famous locations. You can use the photos to show what various types of landforms look like from the air.

52. Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 17-1 He realized then that a whole new branch of geomorphology the study of landforms - which he termed Megageomorphology could be developed from space http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect17/Sect17_1.html

In much of the preceding 16 sections, the impression is gained that remote sensing is directed towards applications. But, in truth, sensors detecting electromagnetic radiation have been one of the dominant data acquisition and analyzing devices in a wide range of (basic) scientific research. Witness the vital role remote sensing is given in observing and measuring the planets in our Solar System, and even more so, in all other things astronomical. This will be addressed in detail in Sections 19 and 20. BASIC SCIENCE STUDIES 1: GEOMORPHOLOGY Mega-Geomorphology Defined and Geomorphic Maps The primary thrust of the Tutorial to this point has dwelled on applications - the practical use of remote sensing to oversee conditions or solve problems dealing with the Earth's environments and manmade infrastructures. The emphasis has therefore been on the status of land and water surfaces, and on the overlying atmosphere, insofar as these affect human activities. The payoff from this monitoring is a better understanding of and interaction with (usually changing) events which influence our lives - food production, deforestation, urban expansion, mineral extraction, movement and severity of major storms, flooding, ocean nutrient detection, industrial site selection, to name a few - occurring at both regional and local scales that are readily observable from space. We don't classify most of the applications, such as those above involving use of remote sensing, under a heading of "Basic Science" studies, although principles of science, such as the physics of electromagnetic radiation, are involved. Purists may argue that information about space "observables," such as determining ozone distribution worldwide, measuring heat flow in the oceans, and observing the biomes and their seasonal variation over the continents, augments the subject matter normally associated with basic science.

53. NEW DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES IN TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY Essential data for the study of tectonic geomorphology are high resolution topography and imagery (so that landforms can be defined at an appropriate http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005AM/finalprogram/abstract_96198.htm

2005 Salt Lake City Annual Meeting (October 16–19, 2005) Paper No. 137-5 Presentation Time: 9:20 AM-9:40 AM Recorded presentation NEW DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES IN TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY ARROWSMITH, Ramon , Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, ramon.arrowsmith@asu.edu 2005 Salt Lake City Annual Meeting (October 16–19, 2005) General Information for this Meeting Session No. 137 Research Opportunities, New Frontiers, and the Questioning of Paradigms in Structural Geology and Tectonics: Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of the SGT Division Salt Palace Convention Center: Ballrooms AC 8:00 AM-12:00 PM, Tuesday, 18 October 2005 Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , Vol. 37, No. 7, p. 313

54. Martindale's Geoscience Center: Geochemistry, Geomorphology, Geophysics THE VIRTUAL geomorphology/GEOMORFOLOGIA WIRTUALNA Designed Maintained by Zbigniew Zwolinski, Laboratory of Geographical Information Systems, http://www.martindalecenter.com/GradGeoscience_4_GC.html

M ARTINDALE'S T HE "VIRTUAL" ~ G EOSCIENCE C ENTER GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOMORPHOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS US/Pacific: Thursday, April 3, 2008 Sydney, Australia: Friday, April 4, 2008 File Download Time Calculator Author, ... Geophysics Calculators GEOCHEMISTRY Geochemistry Databases AQUEOUS GEOCHEMICAL MODELLING ONLINE: WEB-PHREEQ - Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University Geology 428/628: Geochemistry or the Department of Geosciences GEOCHEMICAL EARTH REFERENCE MODEL (GERM) - GERM, EarthRef.org Geochemical Database includes: Geochemistry of the Earth Database "...contains summary data on the geochemistry of all reservoirs in the Earth..." Rocks and Minerals Database "...contains partition coefficient data for all types of rocks and minerals and for every element..." Other Reservoir Databases include: "...Halley Comet Tail; Coarse Interplanetary Dust Particles; Chondritic Smooth Interplanetary Dust Particles; Chondritic Porous Interplanetary Dust Particles; Interplanetary Dust Particles; etc..." For more information see EarthRef Databases EarthRef.org

55. Geomorphology Research Group (GRG) Our studies span quantitative geomorphology and remote sensing and address the broad topics of natural hazards and landscape evolution. http://geomorph.ldeo.columbia.edu/

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56. Geomorphology - Definition At YourDictionary geomorphology definition, words related to geomorphology, proper usage and pronunciation of the word geomorphology from YourDictionary.com. http://www.yourdictionary.com/geomorphology

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57. GLY 4700 - Fall 1998 - USF I have also included a list of useful geomorphology texts and journals that can be geomorphology A Systematic Analysis of Late Cenozoic Lanforms, http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~oches/gly4700.htm

GEOMORPHOLOGY - GLY 4700 Fall Semester, 1998 Thelin and Pike 1991, USGS Map I-2206 Course Schedule Additional Reference List Lab Assignments Project Assignment Page Geomorphology Links Instructor: Dr. Rick Oches T.A.: Tom Griggs SCA 510 CHE 326 oches@chuma1.cas.usf.edu Office Hours: Wed 2:00 - 4:00 Class meeting times: 2:00 - 3:15 pm CHE 102 Lab: Thursday 3:30 - 6:20 pm CHE 326 Course Objectives: Geomorphology, broadly speaking, is the study of landforms, the Earth’s surface, and processes acting on them. In this class we will explore the physical processes responsible for the continually evolving surficial geology and gain an appreciation for the dynamic nature of Earth’s surface. Through class lectures, discussions, group activities and laboratory and field exercises, we will learn about the historical development of the field, techniques of geomorphic investigation, surficial processes operating in diverse environments and landscapes, and computer and Internet resources for geomorphic research. Finally, through an independent research project or term paper, which will be presented to the class at the end of the semester, each person will have an opportunity to explore in depth a particular facet of geomorphology that he/she finds particularly intriguing. Required Textbook: The text listed below is available in the university bookstore. I will also occasionally assign outside readings which will be made available in the geology department learning center (CHE 326) short-term borrowing and copying. Reading assignments are listed on the course outline that follows - please do the assigned reading

58. ES 546 Field Geomorphology Syllabus Report should include pertinent observations, data, calculations, maps and illustrations to support your interpretation of the geomorphic problem. http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/geomorph/syllabus.htm

ES 546 Field Geomorphology James S. Aber Study of landforms and landscape development in the field. Techniques for description, surveying, mapping, and interpretation of landforms in a natural setting. Practical application of geomorphology to terrain analysis. Required field trips; three credit hours. http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/geomorph/ Instructor: James S. Aber , E-mail: jaber@emporia.edu Prerequisite: ES 110 Introduction to Earth Science, or equivalent. Primary reading: GeoKansas from the Kansas Geological Survey. Course Information Course requirements 2007 project summary Geomorph introduction Geomorph weblinks Weekly announcements Syllabus attachment Course availability This course will be taught in fall semester, 2007. Regular (on-campus) students should enroll through normal procedures. The course is also available for distance learning. Off-campus students should enroll through Lifelong Learning . The XA section is for graduate students; ZA is for undergraduates. In order to receive university credit, students must be enrolled officially and must be in contact with the instructor for course materials and directions. The course will be taught during two intensive weekend periods, in which we will take field trips to various parts of Kansas. The two field-trip periods are Sept. 28-30 and Oct. 25-28. The latter includes the fall-break period. Students must be available to participate in these two intensive weekends. There are no other required class meetings; students may consult with your instructor individually as needed.

59. GCMRC - News & Info - Outreach - Geomorphology Symposium 2005 - Program geomorphology of Holoceneage Deposits along the Colorado River in Lower Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon Factors and Processes Affecting Long-term http://www.gcmrc.gov/news_info/outreach/geomorph_symposium/2005/program.aspx

Please enable JavaScript to view the GCMRC Banner. Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center Skip Navigation Links Home Pages Southwest Biological Science Center ... Outreach Geomorphology Symposium 2005 Program Geomorphology Symposium 2005 Pages Program Abstracts Participants Geomorphology of Holocene-age Deposits along the Colorado River in Lower Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon: Factors and Processes Affecting Long-term Preservation A Symposium February 8-10, 2005 at the Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona Sponsored by the USGS Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center in collaboration with the National Park Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and Western Area Power Authority Day 1: February 8, 2005 Session I: Establishing the Geomorphic Setting Welcome, Housekeeping Items, Introduction of Discussants Brief remarks by Alan Howard, Mike Blum, Fred Nials, Gordon Grant View Presentation .pdf format 15 minute break 1. Holocene Terraces within the Larger Context of the Pleistocene Record of Grand Canyon, J. Pederson View Presentation .pdf format

60. Brazil - Geology, Geomorphology, And Drainage Geology, geomorphology, and Drainage. Brazil Table of Contents. In contrast to the Andes, which rose to elevations of nearly 7000 meters in a relatively http://countrystudies.us/brazil/21.htm

Geology, Geomorphology, and Drainage Brazil Table of Contents In contrast to the Andes, which rose to elevations of nearly 7,000 meters in a relatively recent epoch and inverted the Amazon's direction of flow from westward to eastward, Brazil's geological formation is very old. Precambrian crystalline shields cover 36 percent of the territory, especially its central area. The principal mountain ranges average elevations just under 2,000 meters. The Serra do Mar Range hugs the Atlantic coast, and the Serra do Espinhaço Range, the largest in area, extends through the south-central part of the country (see fig. 3). The highest mountains are in the Tumucumaque, Pacaraima, and Imeri ranges, among others, which traverse the northern border with the Guianas and Venezuela. In addition to mountain ranges (about 0.5 percent of the country is above 1,200 meters), Brazil's Central Highlands include a vast central plateau (Planalto Central). The plateau's uneven terrain has an average elevation of 1,000 meters. The rest of the territory is made up primarily of sedimentary basins, the largest of which is drained by the Amazon and its tributaries. Of the total territory, 41 percent averages less than 200 meters in elevation. The coastal zone is noted for thousands of kilometers of tropical beaches interspersed with mangroves, lagoons, and dunes, as well as numerous coral reefs.

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