1. Mycorrhiza - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia A mycorrhiza (Greek for fungus roots; typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic (occasionally weakly pathogenic) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza

Mycorrhiza From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search A mycorrhiza (Greek for fungus roots coined by Frank, 1885 ; typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas ) is a symbiotic (occasionally weakly pathogenic ) association between a fungus and the roots of a plant In a mycorrhizal association the fungus may colonize the roots of a host plant either intracellularly or extracellularly. This mutualistic association provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to mono- or dimeric carbohydrates , such as glucose and sucrose produced by the plant in photosynthesis The carbohydrates are translocated from their source location (usually leaves) to the root tissues and then to the fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the use of the mycelium 's very large surface area to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil, thus improving the mineral absorption capabilities of the plant roots. Plant roots alone may be incapable of taking up phosphate ions that are immobilized, for example, in soils with an basic pH . The mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus can however access these phosphorus sources, and make them available to the plants they colonize.

2. Tools, Articles And Resources To Help Answer Your Mycorrhizae Questions Mycorrhizal inoculation can significantly improve plant performance. You ll find our inoculant is inexpensive and easy to use. Scientific tests demonstrate http://www.mycorrhizae.com/

Mycorrhizal Applications Who We Are Do I Need Mycorrhizae? MycoApply® Product Information ... Contact Us Science Helping Your Plants Grow Better Naturally Login New MycoVideo Clip! See how mycorrhizal fungi can reduce the need for watering 30%. View this 1-2 minute segment that includes Mycorrhizal Applications and Pennington's Smart Seed™ whole new approach to managing turf. The video features the MycoAdvantage™, a mycorrhizal seed coating, interviews with Dr. Mike and how mycorrhizal fungi work. MycoAdvantage™ Get answers to your questions about mycorrhizae and their uses. Easy and helpful tools and articles are available to help you choose when, where, and how to use mycorrhizae! What Are Mycorrhizae? The word "mycorrhizae" literally means "fungus-roots" and defines the close mutually beneficial relationship between specialized soil fungi (mycorrhizal fungi) and plant roots. About 95% of the world’s land plants form the mycorrhizal relationship in their native habitats. It is estimated that mycorrhizal fungal filaments explore hundreds to thousands more soil volume compared to roots alone. Benefits include: Improved nutrient and water uptake Improved root growth Improved plant growth and yield Reduced transplant shock Reduced drought stress Click on the category pictures below for informative articles and information specific to the categories shown!

3. Mycorrhizae Inoculants For Better Plant Roots And Healthier Plants. BioOrganics Endo and Ectotypes of mycorrhizae inoculants are noted by the USDA to be especially beneficial for grapes, citrus, melons, oaks pines. http://www.bio-organics.com/

MYCORRHIZAE INOCULANTS 2153 Vista Del Mundo Santa Maria, CA 93458 Email Link BIO ORGANICS, INC. As more and more is learned about how plants really work, it is becoming obvious that the conventional emphasis on soil chemistry and NPK fertilizers has problems - most notably in the areas of drinking water contamination, soil degradation, disease-prone plants, and input costs. But after decades of focusing exclusively on chemically-oriented growing practices, soil scientists around the world are now looking to the biological sciences to find better, cleaner, and more sustainable methods of growing both crops and ornamentals. Mycorrhizal fungi inoculants are one of the first results of USDA and university research in this very promising area. In natural soil situations, plants enjoy mutually-beneficial relationships with many other organisms, many of them microscopic, and all these biological elements - plant roots, fungi, bacteria, earthworms, and other life forms - play some role in the lives of the others. Over millions of years, mycorrhizal fungi and plants have formed a mutual dependence. The fungi are nourished by root exudates and in return

4. Mycorrhizae mycorrhizae are the prevalent condition in nature. The types of mycorrhizae are described in more detail on the next few pages. http://www.uwlax.edu/BIOLOGY/VOLK/FUNGI3/sld020.htm

Slide 20 of 66 Notes: Mycorrhizae are the prevalent condition in nature The types of mycorrhizae are described in more detail on the next few pages.

5. The Fifth Kingdom - Pictorial Supplement To Chapter 17 - Mycorrhizas mycorrhizae mutualistic plant-fungus symbioses (35 pictures) . Transverse section of arbutoid mycorrhiza of Arbutus menziesii with Lactarius deliciosus http://www.mycolog.com/chapter17.htm

Pictorial Supplement to The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 17 Mycorrhizae - mutualistic plant-fungus symbioses pictures) (the CD-ROM has full text and 46 pictures) [grateful acknowledgment to S. Berch, C. Godbout, M. Brundrett, who generously made some of these images available to me for teaching purposes] (1) Ectomycorrhizas dichotomously branched ectomycorrhizas of a basidiomycete with a conifer. X 4 ectomycorrhizas of Suillus subluteus with Pinus resinosa (the branched ends of the short lateral roots) X 2/3 dichotomous ectomycorrhizas (upper) and mycelial strands (lower) of Amanita muscaria on Pinus strobus. ectomycorrhizas of Laccaria bicolor with Populus tremuloides. X 3 transverse section of an ectomycorrhiza of Pseudotsuga menziesii with Rhizopogon colossus showing the fungal mantle (brown in this example). X 50 section of outer layers of an ectomycorrhizal root of Pinus strobus , showing some of the mantle and the Hartig net - the latter formed by hyphae of the mycobiont, Pisolithus tinctorius , penetrating between the cortical cells of the root.

6. Dr. Davies Research Page The word Mycorrhiza is given to a mutualistic association between a fungus (Myco) and the roots (rhiza) of the plants. This ascociation is symbiotic http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/davies/research/mycorrhizae.html

Home Nursery Crop Physiology Plant Stress Mycorrhizae ... / Biofertilizers Mycorrhizae Links: Mycorrhizal Effects on Host Plant Physiology The word "Mycorrhiza" is given to a mutualistic association between a fungus (Myco) and the roots (rhiza) of the plants. This ascociation is symbiotic because the relationship is advantageous for both organisms. The macrosymbiont (the plant) gains increased exploration of the soil (rhizo sphere) with the intrincate net of hyphae that increases the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil interphase. The microsymbiont (the fungus) uses the carbon provided by the plant for its physiological functions, growth and development. MYCORRHIZA at TAMU The Nursery Crop Physiology lab at the Department of Horticulture has been working over the past 25 years with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under severe outplanting conditions (Texas lignite coal, strip mines, and highway revegetation sites). They have also characterized mycorrhizal associations in herbaceous and woody plant species and some of the mechanisms of enhanced drought, nutrient relations and temperature stress tolerance of mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants can also be used to phytoremediate soil contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals such as chromium (Cr). Benefits of Mycorrhiza: Enhanced plant efficiency in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

7. Mycorrhizae: Benefits And Practical Application In Forest Tree Nurseries - Fores These fungi invade the feeder root tissues and form modified roots called mycorrhizae (fungusroots), which greatly increase efficiency of nutrient and http://www.forestpests.org/nursery/mycorrhizae.html

Home About Us Partners Help Search: Insects Diseases Weeds Other Agents ... Forest Pest Images Mycorrhizae: Benefits and Practical Application in Forest Tree Nurseries Donald H. Marx - Director, Institute of Mycorrhizal Research, USDA Forest Service, Athens GA, Charles E. Cordell - Plant Pathologist, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, and Paul Kormanik - Principal Silviculturist, USDA Forest Service, Athens GA. Cordell C.E., Anderson R.L., Hoffard W.H., Landis T.D., Smith R.S. Jr., Toko H.V., 1989. Forest Nursery Pests . USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 680, 184 pp. Specialized root-inhabiting fungi form beneficial associations with all forest tree species. These fungi invade the feeder root tissues and form modified roots called mycorrhizae (fungus-roots), which greatly increase efficiency of nutrient and water uptake. Most plants require mycorrhizae for normal growth and development in natural soils. Mycorrhizae can be classified into two primary types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. With ectomycorrhizae, which are normally found on pine, spruce, fir, beech, eucalyptus, alder, oak, and hickory, the fungi grow between rather than within root cells. They form a structure known as the Hartig net between the cells, as well as a fungus mantle or cover on the surface of feeder roots. The ectomycorrhizal feeder roots develop a swollen appearance, and in pines they normally have a forking habit (fig. 1-7).

8. Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae And Lichens The subject of symbiosis is usually more scholarly than applicable, but in the case of mycorrhizae, you will see that both scholarly as well as applied http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect26.htm

Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae and Lichens Introduction In its most common usage, symbiosis is used to describe the intimate association between two distantly, related species that are mutually benefiting from this association. These associations are obligatory ones in which neither organisms can survive in nature if the two organisms are separated. However, in the strict sense of this term, as it was proposed by de Barry in 1879, symbiotic relationships include a wide range of associations: Phoresy : A loose association where a usually, smaller organism is using a larger one as a transport host. Normally used in references to arthropods and fishes. An example of the latter is the remora, illustrated below, in Fig 1. Fig. 1: The remora is a one of several species of marine fishes that have sucking disks with which they attach themselves to sharks, whales, sea turtles, or the hulls of ships. Commensalism : An association in which one species, usually the smaller, benefits from the association while the other species seems to be unaffected. Such relationships are usually not obligate and neither species will die if the association does not form. A common example is the relationship between the clown fish and sea anemone . The clown fish can swim into the tentacles of the anemone but will not be paralyzed by its sting. By staying within the tentacles of the anemone, it is protected from fish that may prey on it. However, the anemone does not apparently benefit from this relationship. An example more common in Hawai‘i is the

9. DLC-ME | The Microbe Zoo | Dirtland | Root Cellar Rhizobia and the mycorrhizal fungi live with plants in symbiotic relationships. mycorrhizae live inside root cells and form structures that look like http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites//dlc-me/zoo/zdrmain.html

Mycorrhizal Fungi Rhizobium Rhizosphere The Root Cellar A favorite habitat of microbes is near and in the roots of plants. Many microbes live in soil, but even more (up to 100 times more) live close to the roots of plants. This area near the roots is called the " rhizosphere " which is the thin layer of soil that sticks to the roots. The rhizosphere is a huge habitat in the soil, because plants have so many root fibers. An individual wheat plant, for example, may have a root surface area of 6 square meters (yards)! Some microbes have very close relationships with plants. The plant and the microbes become so close that the microbe actually lives inside the plant! This association of microbes and roots often benefits both organisms. The plant gives the microbes food, such as sugars and amino acids , and the microbes give the plants minerals , some vitamins , nitrogen, and some amino acids One example of a microbe living inside plant roots is Rhizobium , which lives inside the roots of plants such as peas and clover. Another group of microbes living inside roots are mycorrhizal fungi Rhizobia and the mycorrhizal fungi live with plants in symbiotic relationships.

10. Mycorrhiza mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations that form between the roots of most plant species and fungi. These symbioses are characterized by bidirectional http://cropsoil.psu.edu/sylvia/mycorrhiza.htm

11. Database Of Chestnut Mycorrhizae - A Molecular Database Of Mycorrhizal Fungi Ass This is a molecular database of mycorrhizal fungi associated with the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) tree in Wisconsin. You can BLAST this database to http://chestnutfungi.net/

Home News and Updates Research Site BLAST the Database ... Make a Donation W e l c o m e Thanks for visiting the Database of Chestnut Mycorrhizae! This is a database intended for the identification of ectomycorrhizal root tips. These data were generated for the fulfillment of a master's thesis here at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse. If you need some background information on Mycorrhizae, you can go here to see a general overview that I wrote. W h a t t o D o Here you can do a BLAST search of our database to identify ectomycorrhizal fungi. The database contains partial ITS sequences generated with the primer pairs ITS1-F (Gardes and Bruns) and ITS4 (White, et.al.). All sequences are orderd 5' to 3' starting with ITS1-F. You can also Search through the database for descriptions and pictures. Check back often because this site will be updated as soon as new sequences are generated. You are the 89 Unique Visitor to this site since 12/08/2005 Last Updated 02/27/08 var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));

12. Fungi And Mycorrhizae FAQs Fungi can be beneficial also to the growth of plants by forming mutualistic symbiotic associations with roots called mycorrhizae. There are numerous kinds http://www.ibiblio.org/london/orgfarm/faqs/fungi-faq.html

Frequently Asked Questions About Fungi and Mycorrhizae Contact: Dr. James Traquair FAQ Menu URL: http://res.agr.ca/lond/pmrc/faq/menu.html What are fungi and how do they differ from bacteria ? What is the ecological role of fungi in soil and on plant surfaces ? How do agricultural practices affect the fungi in soil ? What are mycorrhizae and what is their role in agriculture ? ... Other Related WEB Links Special Topics Microbiology of Composting Rhizosphere Microbiology Nutrient Cycling Non-target Effects of Pesticides Allelochemistry Crop Residue Management Return to Top of Document Return to FAQ Table of Contents Return to PMRC HomePage Key Words 1. eukaryote, filamentous, yeast, chitinous walls, glucans, conidia, spores, sclerotia 2. saprophyte, parasite, pathogen, biotroph, necrotroph, mildew, root rot, damping off ,antibiosis, mutualism, symbiosis, Rhizoctonia solani, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Pythium spp., Thielaviopsis elegans, nutrient cycling 3. crop rotation, selection pressure, amendment, enrichment, anaerobic, tillage, pesticide residue, drainage,host specificity, propagule survival, dispersal 4. Glomus spp.. Gigaspora spp., vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, growth promotion, mutualism, nutrient absorption, fertility, phosphorus azygospore, chlamydospore, disease suppression, drought tolerance,carrier, agarose beads, pelletization, peat-based potting medium, obligate symbiont, colonized root fragments

13. GLOSSARY M mycorrhiza Occurs when a fungus (basidiomycete or zygomycete) weaves around or into a mycorrhizae). myelin sheath Layers of specialized glial cells, http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossM.html

On-Line Biology Book: GLOSSARY M macroevolution The combination of events associated with the origin, diversification, extinction , and interactions of organisms which produced the species that currently inhabit the Earth. Large scale evolutionary change such as the evolution of new species (or even higher taxa ) and extinction of species. macromolecules Large molecules made up of many small organic molecules that are often referred to as monomers; e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Macromolecules are polymers of monomers. macronucleus In ciliates, the large nucleus that carries up to several hundred copies of the genome and controls metabolism and asexual reproduction PICTURE macronutrients 1. Elements needed by plants in relatively large (primary) or smaller (secondary) quantities. 2. Foods needed by animals daily or on a fairly regular basis. macrophages A type of white blood cell derived from monocytes that engulf invading antigenic molecules, viruses , and microorganisms and then display fragments of the antigen to activate helper T cells ; ultimately stimulating the production of antibodies against the antigen.

14. Connecticut Chapter, The American Chestnut Foundation (CT-TACF): Mycorrhizae And This article describes mycorrhizal associations, where the hyphae of a fungus wrap themselves around the roots of a host, in this case the American http://www.ctacf.org/index.cfm/2007/3/1/Mycorrhizae-and-the-American-Chestnut-An

Home Directors Mission Join ... Links Viewing By Entry / Main March 1, 2007 Mycorrhizae and the American Chestnut: An Underground Tale of Mystery Jonathan Palmer jmpalmer@plantpath.wisc.edu Mycorrhizae: What are they and what do they do? The success of any plant species such as chestnut is dependent upon environmental conditions such as soil pH, soil porosity, water availability, light availability, and so on. Also important are the mycorrhizal fungi present in the soil. “Myco” means fungus and “rhiza” means root, so mycorrhiza literally means “fungus-root.” The mycorrhizal association was first recognized and described by Albert Bernhard Frank in 1885, although even Theophrastus of ancient Greece reported seeing this unique relationship. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistically beneficial relationships with the roots of 90% of all plants by providing increased uptake of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. In return, the fungi receive sugars from photosynthesis of the plant host (symbiont). In most cases, plants are dependent on mycorrhizae for survival. Figure 1: Mycorrhizal fungi come in many shapes, colors, and sizes. Above (A) the chanterelle (

15. MYCORRHIZAE Mycorrhizal laboratory in the Soil and Water Science Department at the University of Florida is involved in the following services http://mycorrhizae.ifas.ufl.edu/

SOIL MICROBIAL ECOLOGY MYCORRHIZAE! News: Summer Training Course is open for registration! GENERAL INFORMATION M ycorrhiza (pl, zae) is a term that refers to a symbiosis between fungus (myco-) and plant roots (-rrhiza). This symbiotic association is characterized by the movement of carbon from plants to the fungus and in return the fungus facilitates the movement of nutrients to the plants. Mycorrhizal laboratory in the Soil and Water Science Department at the University of Florida is involved in the following services: RESEARCH S tudy and research microbial ecology and microbial functional diversity of the rhizosphere. Applied research on the potential use of mycorrhizae in plant biology and ecology, soil and plant interactions in agriculture and horticulture, and ecosystem carbon flux. Study the practical application of mycorrhizae in reclamation of disturbed lands. Improve culture techniques for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. TEACHING: Extensive COURSE SOIL MICROBIAL ECOLOGY for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate-level L ABORATORY EXERCISES to teach relevant skills and techniques in soil microbiology ( Sample Lecture SHORT COURSE MYCORRHIZAL APPLICATIONS IN PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE for scientists and organic farmers who are in the need to include microbial studies in their programs.

16. BLM NSTC Soil Biological Communities - Fungai Mycorrhizal fungi don’t harm the plant; on the contrary, they develop a symbiotic There are two main categories of mycorrhizae common to western http://www.blm.gov/nstc/soil/fungi/index.html

Mycorrhizal Fungi What They Are and A Few Interesting Facts Mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of many plants. Mycorrhizal fungi don’t harm the plant; on the contrary, they develop a "symbiotic" relationship that helps the plant be more efficient at obtaining nutrients and water. In return, the plant provides energy to the fungus in the form of sugars. There are two main categories of mycorrhizae common to western rangelands in the United States. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae or VAM. Ectomycorrhizae Not all fungi are mycorrhizal. There are also fungi that help decompose the organic matter in litter and soil. However, they play a lesser role than bacteria in this important process in semi-arid and arid rangeland soils. Why They Are Important Some plants are "mycorrhizal-obligate," meaning that they can’t survive to maturity without their fungal associate. Important mycorrhizal-obligate plants in western North America are sagebrush, bitterbrush, and some native bunchgrasses. Mycorrhizae are particularly important in assisting the host plant with the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen, two nutrients vital to plant growth.

17. The Overstory #8 Mycorrhizae Soil fungi known as mycorrhizal fungi make vital contributions to plant and soil health. mycorrhizae simply means, root fungus, and refers to fungi which http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory8.html

Journal Home Previous Editions Submissions Current Projects ... Links The Overstory #8 MycorrhizaeEssential Partners in Plant Health The Overstory #8 Authors: Craig Elevitch and Kim Wilkinson Contents: * MycorrhizaeEssential Partners in Plant Health * How Mycorrhizal Fungi Benefit Plants * Strategies for Improving Mycorrhizal Activity on Your Site * Mycorrhizae Links on the WWW * Source of Commercial Mycorrhizal Inoculants * How to contact us MycorrhizaeEssential Partners in Plant Health People have taken plants out of their natural environments to cultivate them in agricultural systems such as plantations, orchards and farms. However, we have not changed the plant's basic needs. Plants co-evolved with soil life over hundreds of millions of years. Many plant and tree species adapted to depend on some kinds of soil microlife. Soil fungi known as mycorrhizal fungi make vital contributions to plant and soil health. Mycorrhizae simply means, "root fungus," and refers to fungi which live in close association with the root systems of plants, extending out from the plant's own roots. By nurturing and, where necessary, re-introducing mycorrhizal species, we can cultivate an essential ecological connection that will benefit our crops, our environment, and our own bottom line in agriculture or forestry. Mycorrhizal fungi have evolved in association with plants, acting to greatly increase the ability of plants to take up water and certain nutrients, while often protecting associated plants from pests and diseases. They live in and around the root zone of plants, extending far out from the plant's roots with their own network of thread-like filaments known as hyphae. This greatly extends the effective surface area of the plants roots. The association with mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhances plant health in most species, and has even become essential for the survival of certain types of plants. Avocados, bamboos, bananas, cassava, coconuts, coffee, mahogany, mangoes, palms, papayas, soybeans, and sweet potatoes are just a few examples of plants that benefit from mycorrhizae.

18. Mycorrhizae Biological Root Stimulant And Inoculant mycorrhizae root growth stimulant for biological soil treatment of transplants. http://www.dirtworks.net/Mycorrhizae.html

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19. Supplements This special granular form, mycorrhizal blend can absorb organic forms of mycorrhizae fungus have been called the orchestrators of the root zone as they http://www.allseasonsnashville.com/Gardening_Organics/supplements.htm

Supplements Keywords B'cuzz B'Cuzz Root Stimulant 0-0-0.7 Roots are necessary to the plant to provide a continuous supply of water, sugars, and mineral nutrients. The larger root system, the more dynamically the plant can function and grow. BCuzz Root Stimulator will initiate an explosive root production. BCuzz Root Stimulant solutions can be best used in cloning systems, and for young plants, cuttings, or seedlings. B'cuzz Root 12oz B'cuzz Root 32oz B'cuzz Root Gallon B'Cuzz Growth Stimulator (1.0-0-0.7) B'cuzz Growth Stimulator has been developed specifically to stimulate the growth phase and it is a necessary supplement to normal nutrition. It is an all-in-one growing stimulator, containing micro-nutrients, aqua-bacterias, amino acids and proteins. B'cuzz Growth 12oz B'cuzz Growth 32oz Overstock Special! Save $5. B'cuzz Growth Gallon B'Cuzz Bloom Stimulant 0-0-0.7 Especially for the plants blooming phase. BCuzz Bloom stimulator encourages flower cell production and increases the manufacture and transport of sugar molecules in the flowers. This will lead to big, dense flowers and great taste. In this way, quantity as well as quality will increase on the final product. B'cuzz Bloom 12oz B'cuzz Bloom 32oz B'cuzz Bloom Gallon B'cuzz Foliar- B'cuzz Foliar 32oz B'cuzz Foliar Gallon Bio Bizz TOP MAX - Stimulator TOP MAX is a 100% organic stimulant that is designed to be used especially with BioBizz soil mixtures. TOP MAX has the threefold purpose of facilitating the uptake of nutrients within the plants, dramatically increasing the actual size and weight of floral clusters, and enhancing flavor by encouraging rapid cell division during flowering and increasing transportation of sugars in the fruit.

20. Mycorrhizae mycorrhizae are very common but largely unseen symbioses between plant roots and fungi that are important in plant nutrition, community structure, http://www.biologyreference.com/Mo-Nu/Mycorrhizae.html

// nothing @import "../css/default.css"; Mycorrhizae forum Biology Mo-Nu Mycorrhizae Symbioses are intimate associations between two unrelated organisms. Mycorrhizae are very common but largely unseen symbioses between plant roots and fungi that are important in plant nutrition, community structure, and nutrient cycling. Throughout the course of their evolution, plants and fungi have formed many different types of mycorrhizal partnerships involving most plant families and thousands of fungal species. These diverse symbioses have been grouped into general types: arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, orchid mycorrhizae, and mycorrhizae Endotrophic mycorrhizae in an orchid root. Mycorrhizae are very common but largely unseen symbioses between plant roots and fungi. in plants in the order Ericales including ericoid, arbutoid, and monotropoid mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae are critical for the mineral nutrition of many plants because threadlike fungal hyphae can exploit soil much more extensively than plant roots, and thus mycorrhizal associations greatly increase the absorption of minerals and water. Usually, mycorrhizal fungi supply minerals to their host plants, which reciprocate by supplying

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