41. Primate Phylogeny The primate tree below was redrawn from cladograms and information from the primates section of the University of Arizona Tree of Life, from the Primate http://whozoo.org/mammals/Primates/primatephylogeny.htm

Primate Phylogeny The primate tree below was redrawn from cladograms and information from the Primates section of the University of Arizona Tree of Life, from the Primate Information Network at the University of Wisconsin. The primates are astonishingly diverse, ranging from tiny marmosets and bushbabies to massive gorillas. The thirty-odd branches of the tree below represent more than 50 genera and hundreds of species. There are four main branches of the tree below: the Platyrrhine (flatnosed) or New World Monkeys the Catarrhine (down-nosed) or Old World primates, including Old World Monkeys Great Apes, Humans and Gibbons the Tarsiers the Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises) The Fort Worth Zoo is very unusual in housing all four of the great ape species, as well as a number of other primates. Links to information or pictures of representative primate species at the Fort Worth Zoo will be found in the tree below. Invertebrate Tree Fish Tree ... Tree Sources: About the Primates . Primate Information Network. University of Wisconsin Primates section of the Tree of Life, University of Arizona.

42. Please Note The Pages Listed Here Are Unofficial Home Pages Of Please Note The pages listed here are unofficial home pages of Novell Ximian Group employees and consultants. Opinions and statements on these pages are http://primates.ximian.com/

Please Note: The pages listed here are unofficial home pages of Novell Ximian Group employees and consultants. Opinions and statements on these pages are not endorsed by Novell or Ximian, and do not represent the position of the Novell corporation or its affiliates. If you have questions or comments, please contact the page author directly. For official information about Ximian, visit http://ximian.com . For official information about Novell, visit http://www.novell.com Aidan Skinner Alan McGovern Anna Dirks ... Wade Berrier

43. BUBL LINK: Primates Includes a study section defining and describing primates with an emphasis on chimpanzees. Topics include evolution, taxonomy, communication, anatomy, http://bubl.ac.uk/LINK/p/primates.htm

BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus Countries ... Z Primates Titles Descriptions Balikpapan Orangutan Survival Foundation Bibliography of General Works in Mammalogy Center for Captive Chimpanzee Care ChimpanZoo ... Primate Society of Great Britain Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Balikpapan Orangutan Survival Foundation Non-profit organisation which helps to protect orangutans through projects such as a reintroduction program for confiscated orangutans on the island of Borneo. Offers information on orangutan research, projects and conservation. Author: Balikpapan Orangutan Survival Foundation Subjects: primates DeweyClass: Resource type: document Bibliography of General Works in Mammalogy This bibliography is designed to guide students in mammalogy to literature in specific areas. The works included are primarily monographic and of wide coverage. It is divided into general areas, such as systematics and nomenclature, anatomy and geography, and mammal groups, including marsupials and monotremes, primates and carnivora. Author: American Museum of Natural History Subjects: mammals, primates

44. Southwest National Primate Research Center The SNPRC is home to more than 3400 nonhuman primates, including chimpanzees and a variety of monkey species. By far the majority, though, are baboons. http://www.sfbr.org/pages/snprc_primates.php

To learn more about the primate species at SNPRC, click on the links below: Baboons Chimpanzees Macaques Marmosets and Tamarins SNPRC has an extensive environmental enrichment program . The goal of the program is to provide a better home for the monkeys and apes housed in our facilities. We give them opportunities to express species-typical behaviors that are found normally in primates living in the wild. Top Of Page Home About SFBR News ... Privacy Statement.

45. Save The Primates - Endangered Primates Conservation, Support, Awareness Raising awareness of endangered primates, funds for conservation of primate sanctuary projects primate enclosures, education programs, animal rescue. http://www.save-the-primates.org.au/

Save The Primates Save The Primates is an Australian non-profit organisation dedicated to raising awareness of the plight of endangered primate species such as apes, gorillas, chimps many of which are close to extinction , and helps raise funds for specific projects and campaigns dedicated to primate conservation and primate protection within a select group of primate sanctuaries around the world. We focus specifically on raising funds for primate sanctuary projects that the wildlife sanctuaries themselves have no way of funding. Although able to meet the day to day expenses, projects such as new primate enclosures, education centres and programs and sometimes even animal rescues are all but a dream for those that run the sanctuaries. Whilst we offer plenty of other primate information on this site, we ask that you read about

46. Fossil Primates 1 In the last lecture I tried to give you an outline of primate taxonomy and how humans fit into the taxonomic framework. The next two lectures attempt to fit http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anthl_09.html

Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds These pages have been left in this location as a service to the numerous websites around the world which link to this content. The original authors are no longer at the University of Leeds, and the former Centre for Human Biology became the School of Biomedical Sciences which is now part of the Faculty of Biological Sciences Fossil Primates 1 Dr. Bill Sellars Introduction In the last lecture I tried to give you an outline of primate taxonomy and how humans fit into the taxonomic framework. The next two lectures attempt to fit humans into the evolutionary framework of the primates. Today's lecture concentrates on the evolutionary period from just before the Palaeocene (about 70 mya) to the end of the Miocene (about 5 mya). Tomorrow's lecture will follow on and look at the early hominins in the Pliocene (5 mya) and the Pleistocene (1.5 mya) stopping before the Holocene (10,000 ya) Lecture Outline Palaeocene - plesiadadiformes Late Miocene - Hominids What I'll be presenting is a simplified story of early primate evolution. The fossil record is really very patchy, and although the reconstructions look nice, some are based on rather scanty information. So this is very much conjecture, and will be different in different books. The arguments about which is more likely to be correct rage all the time!

47. Neotropical Primates - IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group As the journal and newsletter of the Neotropical section of the PSG, Neotropical primates helps to disseminate information on the biology and conservation http://www.primate-sg.org/np.htm

Neotropical Primates ISSN 1413-4703 As the journal and newsletter of the Neotropical section of the PSG, Neotropical Primates helps to disseminate information on the biology and conservation of the New World monkeys. We welcome manuscripts dealing with any aspect of primate conservation, including research articles, news items, thesis abstracts, notices of recent publications and the like. Anyone interested in submitting a manuscript or other item should please consult our author guidelines beforehand. PLEASE NOTE: Neotropical Primates publishes articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese. If you are submitting an article in a language which is not your birth language, please have it thoroughly reviewed by a native speaker of that language before submitting it to us. PLEASE NOTE: Neotropical Primates has changed its editorial team, as detailed below: Editors Principal Editor: Erwin Palacios , Conservation International Colombia, Carrera 13 # 71-41, Bogotá DC, Colombia, Tel: 571 3452852/54, Fax: 571 3452852/54, e-mail: epalacios [at] conservation.org Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Júlio César Bicca-Marques , Pontifícia Universidad Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Av. Ipiranga 6681 Prédio 12a, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil, e-mail: jcbicca [at] pucrs.br

48. Allied Effort To Save Other Primates ~AESOP-Project~ Allied Effort to Save Other primates is an international coalition of individuals and organizations dedicated to protecting monkeys and apes. http://www.aesop-project.org/

document.write(""+doClock("D1","%20","M1","%20","Y0")+""); This web site is dedicated in loving memory of Gonga. ADOPT A MONKEY Help CERCOPAN carry out its primate rehabilitation work for orphaned monkeys in Nigeria About AESOP-Project AESOP-Project [Allied Effort to Save Other Primates] is an international coalition of individuals and organizations dedicated to protecting monkeys and apes. Read more... Action Alerts Action Alerts and on-line petitions things you can do to help monkeys and apes. Click here... PrimFocus List Serv Knowledge is the key... For up-to-date information, subscribe to PrimFocus, a list serv for news, discussion, and information germane to protection of other-than-human primates and/or search PrimFocus archives by keyword. Learn more... Highlighted Items On This Site NEW: In memory of Linda J. Howard

49. Nutrient Requirements Of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman primates Second Revised Edition, 2003 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth St., NW Washington, D.C. 20001 NOTICE The http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9826&page=R1

50. Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ: Part 2A But before that, the origins of the very earliest primates are fuzzy. There is a group of Paleocene primitive primatelike animals called plesiadapids http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional/part2a.html

Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ Part 2A Kathleen Hunt [Last Update: March 17, 1997] Part 1B Contents Part 2B PART 2 Overview of the Cenozoic The Cenozoic fossil record is much better than the older Mesozoic record, and much better than the very much older Paleozoic record. The most extensive Cenozoic gaps are early on, in the Paleocene and in the Oligocene. From the Miocene on it gets better and better, though it's still never perfect. Not surprisingly, the very recent Pleistocene has the best record of all, with the most precisely known lineages and most of the known species-to-species transitions. For instance, of the 111 modern mammal species that appeared in Europe during the Pleistocene, at least 25 can be linked to earlier European ancestors by species-to-species transitional morphologies (see Kurten, 1968, and Barnosky, 1987, for discussion). Timescale Pleistocene 2.5-0.01 Ma Excellent mammal record Pliocene 5.3-2.5 Ma Very good mammal record Miocene 24-5.3 Ma Pretty good mammal record Oligocene 34-24 Ma Spotty mammal record. Many gaps in various lineages

51. Chapter 19 Primates Origin of primates deep in the Cretaceous? National Geographic News, April 18, 2002, article about a new paper. This paper makes me really angry. http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/historyoflife/CH19.html

Chapter 19 Primates Primate Info Net from the University of Wisconsin. Primates and color vision Primates and color vision . Fact sheet from Palomar College. BBC News OnLine , March 2001. Trade-off between smell and vision . On-line paper from PLoS, 2004. Earliest Primates? Origin of primates deep in the Cretaceous? National Geographic News , April 18, 2002, article about a new paper. This paper makes me really angry. It is lousy science, and should never have been published. It claims that primates evolved deep in the Cretaceous. True Primates A new fossil of Carpolestes may shed light on the origin of true primates. National Geographic News, November 21, 2002. The research was published in Science Carpolestes is a plesiadapid, a member of a group that has been identified as belonging to "flying lemurs", Dermoptera, rather than true primates. The authors hang their argument on their analysis that Carpolestes and the other plesiadapids are indeed primates. Prosimians have color vision . It's not yet clear how many times color vision evolved within primates, or how it was modified during primate evolution. I suspect that there is a lot to learn yet by studying the vision of living primates. Nocturnal primates probably can't use much color vision, so there may have been episodes of loss and/or repeated evolution of color vision. African Primates at Home Living lemurs Daubentonia , the prosimian that has an ecology in the woodpecker guild.

52. Primates - Lower Primates, Higher Primates The mammals (warmblooded animals) called primates include the lower primates (lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers) and the higher primates (monkeys, apes, http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ph-Py/Primates.html

// nothing @import "../css/default.css"; Science of Everyday Things Science in Dispute Science and Technology Primates forum ... Ph-Py Primates The mammals (warm-blooded animals) called primates include the lower primates (lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers) and the higher primates (monkeys, apes, and humans). Mostly occurring in tropical areas, primates first evolved more than 50 million years ago from shrewlike, insect-eating mammals. Many present-day primates are arboreal (tree-dwellers), with long, agile limbs for climbing and four fingers and an opposable thumb covered by nails for grasping branches. (An opposable thumb is one that is able to be placed against the other fingers.) The eyes of primates are located in the front of their heads, allowing depth perception. Their diet consists of fruit, leaves, stems, buds, and insects, although some primates are carnivores (meat-eaters). Primates have large brains, with the higher primates showing a marked intelligence. Lower primates: Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers The lower primates, including the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers, were the first primates, occurring in North America, Europe, and Asia. Lemurs now occur only on Madagascar, an island off the coast of Africa. They are mostly tree-dwelling, nocturnal (active at night) animals with a moist snout (nose) and a long, furry tail. Lorises are slow-moving, tailless, and nocturnal and live in trees. They are found in southeast Asia and Africa. Tarsiers are small primates with large bulging eyes and a long, thin, naked tail. They are mainly tree-dwelling, nocturnal creatures of the islands of southeast Asia.

53. THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES CM Heyes revisits the question asked by Premack and Woodruff, Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? This question dominates the study of both social http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.heyes.html

Below is the unedited preprint (not a quotable final draft) of: Heyes, C. M. (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences The final published draft of the target article, commentaries and Author's Response are currently available only in paper. For information on becoming a commentator on this or other BBS target articles, write to: bbs@soton.ac.uk For information about subscribing or purchasing offprints of the published version, with commentaries and author's response, write to: journals_subscriptions@cup.org (North America) or journals_marketing@cup.cam.ac.uk (All other countries). THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES C. M. Heyes Department of Psychology University College London Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom c.heyes@ucl.ac.uk Keywords apes; associative learning; concepts; convergence; deception; evolution of intelligence; folk psychology; imitation; mental state attribution; monkeys; parsimony; perspective-taking; primates; role-taking; self-recognition; social cognition; social intelligence; theory of mind. Abstract Premack & Woodruff (1978) asked "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?". Since it was posed, nearly 20 years ago, Premack & Woodruff's question has dominated the study of both social behavior in nonhuman primates (henceforward simply "primates") and cognitive development in children, but progress in the two fields has been markedly different. Developmentalists have established empirical methods to investigate children's understanding of mentality, and, forging links with philosophy of mind and philosophy of science, they have mustered the conceptual resources for disciplined dispute about the origins (innate module, convention or testing), on-line control (simulation or inference), and epistemic status (stance, theory or direct knowledge) of human folk psychology (e.g. Goldman 1993; Gopnik 1993; Gopnik & Wellman 1994). In contrast, those working with primates have continued to struggle with the basic question of whether

54. Episcopal Life Online - NEWS Feb 15, 2008 Episcopal News Service Five Anglican primates, four from Africa and one from South America, have publicized their intentions to boycott http://www.episcopalchurch.org/79901_94975_ENG_HTM.htm

SITE MAP QUESTIONS Search: Home News Features Opinion ... Contact Us attachDate("subsite_header"); « Previous Page Printer Friendly Email to Friend Five primates announce Lambeth Conference boycott Presiding Bishop says 'gathering will be diminished by their absence' By Matthew Davies, February 15, 2008 [Episcopal News Service] Five Anglican Primates, four from Africa and one from South America, have publicized their intentions to boycott the 2008 Lambeth Conference in a letter responding to a group of English bishops who had urged them to attend the once-a-decade gathering. Archbishops Peter Akinola of Nigeria, Emmanuel Kolini of Rwanda, Benjamin Nzimbi of Kenya, Henry Orombi of Uganda, and Gregory Venables of the Southern Cone who make up five of the 38 Anglican Primates told the 21 English bishops that they would not attend Lambeth in protest to the invitations extended by the Archbishop of Canterbury to the Episcopal Church's bishops. Akinola, Kolini and Orombi had all previously announced that they intended to boycott the conference. Neva Rae Fox, the Episcopal Church's public affairs officer, noted that Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori is saddened by the primates' decision not to attend Lambeth.

55. Of Pigs, Primates, And Plagues: Xenotransplantation Critique The thousands of crossspecies experiments (between goats, rats and chickens, rats and hamsters, cats and dogs, pigs and primates) performed since 1906, http://www.mrmcmed.org/pigs.html

A Layperson's Guide to the Problems With Animal-to-Human Organ Transplants Alix Fano, M.A. Murry J. Cohen, M.D. Marjorie Cramer, M.D., F.A.C.S. Ray Greek, M.D. Stephen R. Kaufman, M.D. Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2.Organ Xenotransplantation's Track Record: 100% Failure There have been some 55 animal-to-human whole organ transplants attempted since 1906. All have proven unsuccessful, resulting in the suffering and death of all patients and donor animals. The thousands of cross-species experiments (between goats, rats and chickens, rats and hamsters, cats and dogs, pigs and primates) performed since 1906, and continuing today, have not provided reliable information about what would happen to human xenograft recipients. Xenotransplantation is a dangerous and unproven technology. 3. Xenotransplantation Is Expensive Xenotransplantation is riskier and promises to be even more expensive than human-to-human transplantation ($250,000 per operation in 1995, not including the hidden costs of breeding, housing, feeding, medicating, testing, transporting, rendering, and disposing of the waste and remains of herds of transgenic animals). Institute of Medicine figures from 1996 reveal that xenotransplant costs for all patients who need organs could reach $20.3 billion. These costs are beyond the means of the majority of Americans and an already overburdened health care system. If ever successful, the technology would, at best, benefit a small minority of patients (100,000) while dramatically driving up health care costs for all.

56. Primates In both Spec and our home timestream, primates evolved at the cusp of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Fragmentary evidence from HomeEarth (none has yet http://www.bowdoin.edu/~dbensen/Spec/Primates-Af.html

In both Spec and our home timestream, primates evolved at the cusp of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Fragmentary evidence from Home-Earth (none has yet been found in Spec) suggests simian precursors in the latest Cretaceous, but these fossils (called Purgatorius ) are only tentatively assigned to Primates. These climbers may, therefore, have evolved after the end of the Cretaceous, in which case their presence on Spec is yet another example of parallelism and the primate-like creatures of Spec should be properly called p-Primates. However, since even the exhaustively analyzed primate fossil record of Home Earth remains unclear on the matter, most researchers are content to group both Spec and our own primate species into a single clade. The first good primate fossils on either world turn up in the Paleocene, from strata 50 million years old, and show generalized tree-climbers, creatures with stereoscopic vision, opposable digits on hands and feet, and a slew of other features useful in an arboreal life. In both Spec and our home timeline, these little climbers spread across Asia and North America, and soon began to diversify. Spec's change in primate evolution, the switch that failed to turn on, occurred some time during the Eocene, still early in the Cenozoic. At this point in our home timeline, the first primates had split into two lineages, the adapids (which would later give rise to the lemurs and lorises) and the omomyids (the ancestors of tarsiers, monkeys, and apes). In Spec, no such split occurred; the omomyids never evolved.

57. Pettigrew, Dr. John D., 1986. Are Flying Foxes Really Primates? . BATS. Vol 3, N primates share a halfdozen brain pathways not found in any of the other 20 mammalian orders. These features are quantitative and are believed to reliably http://www.batcon.org/batsmag/v3n2-1.html

TITLE-[ Are Flying Foxes Really Primates? ] AUTHOR-[ Pettigrew, Dr. John D. ] SUBTITLE-[ ] VOLUME-[ 3 ] NUMBER-[ 2 ] ISSUE-[ JUNE ] YEAR-[1986 ] START PAGE[ 1 ] END PAGE-[ 2 ] AREA-[ ARTICLE ] Are Flying Foxes Really Primates? by Dr. John D. Pettigrew Primates share a half-dozen brain pathways not found in any of the other 20 mammalian orders. These features are quantitative and are believed to reliably distinguish primates from non-primates. They provide a unique signature, enabling us to recognize a primate brain after a set of tests which involve labeling the pathways going from the eye to the brain. Imagine my surprise when I found these features in the brain of a Gray-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) during a routine investigation! Subsequent work by myself and others confirmed that this is true for all of the flying fox species thus far examined. Flying foxes belong to the order Megachiroptera, commonly referred to as megabats. The nearly 200 species of these bats are vegetarians that feed on fruit and nectar. They are mostly large, with wingspans measuring from two to six feet and navigate by their excellent vision. Recently, working with Dr. Howard Cooper of the INSERM Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie in Lyon, France, we extended the comparison to include more visual nuclei, as well as more species of megabats and more prosimmian primates (lower primates, including lemurs and lorises). Under the microscope, the affinities between megabat and lemur brains are so striking that it is quite difficult to tell them apart! So far as one can tell from the intricate details of the wiring of thousands of nerve cells, primates and megabats shared a common ancestor not shared by any other group of mammals.

58. Bummer Tent Records Bummer Tent Records is the record label of Zen For primates, the totally unique Caberet rock band. http://www.bummertent.com/

59. CNN - Primates In Peril, Except For One Species - August 28, 1997 WASHINGTON (AP) Hunting and the steady loss of forests have made primates the most imperiled group of mammals on the planet. Only one species of primates http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9708/28/endangered.apes.ap/index.html

Watch Earth Matters on CNN and CNN International. Primates in peril, except for one species August 28, 1997 Web posted at: 7:21 p.m. EDT (2321 GMT) WASHINGTON (AP) Hunting and the steady loss of forests have made primates the most imperiled group of mammals on the planet. Only one species of primates is increasing in numbers: humans. Nearly half of the 235 primates, including chimpanzees the human's closest evolutionary relative are threatened with extinction. Another 20 percent are approaching that status, said a report published Thursday by Worldwatch Institute. "In general, the reasons for the declines are no mystery: they all relate, directly or indirectly, to human actions," said the report entitled "Death in the Family Tree." It spotlighted a number of "hotspots" around the world where forest loss has resulted in high concentrations of endangered primates. These include southeast Asia, equatorial Africa, Madagascar, and southeastern Brazil. "The fate of these forests will largely determine the fate of most primates, and more and more of these forests are losing their ecological integrity as they are logged, colonized and cleared for agriculture," the article said. In south and east Asia, nine-tenths of all primates are facing extinction. In Indonesia and Malaysia, orangutans the ape most dependent on trees have lost 80 percent of their forests in the past two decades.

60. First Humans: Time Of Origin Pinned Down | LiveScience Primate evolution is a central topic in biology and much information can be Other primates would have existed at the time, too, but not all were http://www.livescience.com/health/070223_chimp_split.html

Space Animals Health Environment ... Store First Humans: Time of Origin Pinned Down By Robin Lloyd , LiveScience Senior Editor posted: 23 February 2007 01:21 pm ET document.write(''); document.write(htmlstr); The lineages of humans and chimpanzees, our closest relatives, diverged from one another about 4.1 million years ago, according to a new estimate that is said to be far more precise than previous ranges for this critical evolutionary moment. However, the claim is a bad match with previous estimates based on fossil evidence and other genetic work. Asger Hobolth of North Carolina State University and his colleagues arrived at the new estimate of " the time we became human ," or the time in the past when descendents of the human-chimp ancestor split into human and chimp, by statistically comparing DNA from four regions of the human, chimp and gorilla genomes. Timeline of Human Evolution The timeline of human evolution is long and controversial, with significant gaps. Experts do not agree on many of the start and end points of various species. So this chart involves significant estimates. The new divergence date is considered fairly recent, maybe too much so. Previous estimates, based on fossil evidence, put the most recent

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