1. Saccharomyces - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia saccharomyces is a genus in the kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast. saccharomyces is from Latin meaning sugar fungi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces

Saccharomyces From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Saccharomyces Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Saccharomyces (E.C. Hansen 1838) Meyen Species Saccharomyces bayanus Saccharomyces boulardii Saccharomyces bulderi Saccharomyces cariocanus ... Saccharomyces zonatus Saccharomyces is a genus in the kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast Saccharomyces is from Latin meaning sugar fungi . Many members of this genus are considered very important in food production. One example is Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is used in making wine bread , and beer . Other members of this genus include Saccharomyces bayanus , used in making wine, and Saccharomyces boulardii , used in medicine. Contents Morphology Cellular morphology History Use in brewing ... edit Morphology Colonies of Saccharomyces grow rapidly and mature in 3 days. They are flat, smooth, moist, glistening or dull, and cream to tannish cream in color. The inability to utilize nitrate and ability to ferment various carbohydrates are typical characteristics of Saccharomyces edit Cellular morphology Blastoconidia (cell buds) are observed. They are unicellular, globose, and ellipsoid to elongate in shape. Multilateral (multipolar) budding is typical. Pseudohyphae, if present, are rudimentary.

2. Saccharomyces Genome Database Commonly known as baker s or budding yeast. Includes sequence analysis and tools, maps, literature, and gene registry . http://www.yeastgenome.org/

Quick Search: Site Map Full Search Help Contact SGD ... and more SGD TM is a scientific database of the molecular biology and genetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly known as baker's or budding yeast. New and Noteworthy SGD Curation News Genome Snapshot New papers added to SGD this week. View Genome-wide Analysis papers in SGD. Do a literature search Table of Gene Summary Paragraphs (new ones highlighted yellow). GO annotations with IEAs now in SGD's gene_association file - March 10, 2008 SGD has changed the contents of our file that contains GO annotations. This is a major change as it now includes annotations that are associated with computationally predicted methods. These annotations include computationally predicted annotations to the Gene Ontology created by the Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) project at EBI, Hinxton UK. The file available from the GO Consortium is called gene_association.sgd Sequence and Annotation Updates - March 7, 2008 SGD curators periodically update the systematic sequence and its annotation. Information regarding changes can be found via the Summary of Chromosome Sequence and Annotation Updates and in the " Locus History " pages of affected features. Files on the SGD

3. Saccharomyces Species saccharomyces are unable to utilize nitrate for growth; saccharomyces lack hyphae; saccharomyces have asci containing 1 to 4 ascospores. http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/Saccharomyces.htm

The Fungi Introduction Descriptions Synonyms Image Bank Lecture Bank Video Bank Mycoses Introduction Human Veterinary Environmental Industrial Agricultural Drugs Introduction Medical Veterinary Environmental Industrial Agricultural Laboratory Introduction Susceptibility MIC Database Procedures Histopathology Tools Introduction Abbreviations Links CME Conference Highlights Bibliography Glossary Good Books Events Calendar About Us Introduction Our Mission Editorial Board Editorial Staff Supporters Contributors Legal Stuff Kudos This page updated: 1/7/2007 12:52:00 PM Site built and designed for doctorfungus by Webillustrated You are here: The Fungi Descriptions Absidia spp. Acremonium spp. Acrophialophora fusispora Actinomadura spp. Alternaria spp. Apophysomyces sp. Arthrinium spp. Arthrographis spp. - A. kalrae Aspergillus spp. - A. flavus - A. fumigatus - A. glaucus - A. granulosus - A. nidulans - A. niger - A. terreus - A. ustus - A. versicolor Aureobasidium spp. Basidiobolus spp. Beauveria spp. Bipolaris spp. - B. australiensis - B. hawaiiensis - B. spicifera Blastomyces sp. Blastoschizomyces sp.

4. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Information on brewer’s or baker’s yeast, with photomicrographs and an explanation of the fermentation process. http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/Scerevisiae.html

MicrobiologyBytes Microbiology Video Library : Saccharomyces cerevisiae Search Saccharomyces cerevisiae Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy. Benjamin Frankin Sometime between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, a Mesopotamian farmer discovered that the water some grain had been soaking in had developed a funny taste. He woke the next day having made two important discoveries: Beer Hangovers The first written records of brewing come from Sumeria about 6,000 years ago. But all that drinking was making people hungry, so in Egypt around 5,000 years ago, they starting making bread (or at least, wrote down the recipe). Before that, bread was tough, dry stuff that tended to break your teeth and made your jaw ache. Bread made with yeast was wonderful, light, tasty stuff. The secret? Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are single-celled fungi which that multiply by budding , or in some cases by division ( fission ), although some yeasts such as Candida albicans may grow as simple irregular filaments ( mycelium ). They may also reproduce sexually, forming asci which contain up to eight haploid

5. YeastDeletionWebPages Welcome to the saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project web page. In 1996 the saccharomyces Genome Project has revealed the presence of more than 6000 open http://yeastdeletion.stanford.edu/

Deletion Page Home Databases and Datasets FAQs Deletion Strains Available ... Yeast Deletion Database (consortium members only) Dear Colleagues, Welcome to the Saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project web page. The purpose of this page is to communicate protocols, methods and information about the project. Please let us know what information you would like to see included or suggest useful links. Project Overview In 1996 the Saccharomyces Genome Project has revealed the presence of more than 6000 open reading frames (ORFs) in the S. cerevisiae genome. Approximately one third of these ORFs had no known function four years after their discovery. The goal of the Saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project was to generate as complete a set as possible of yeast deletion strains with the overall goal of assigning function to the ORFs through phenotypic analysis of the mutants. The method used was a PCR-based gene deletion strategy to generate a start- to stop- codon deletion of each of the ORFs in the yeast genome. As part of the deletion process, each gene disruption was replaced with a KanMX module and uniquely tagged with one or two 20mer sequence(s) . The presence of the tags can be detected via hybridization to a high-density oligonucleotide array, enabling growth phenotypes of individual strains to be analyzed in parallel .

6. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae www.ensembl.org/saccharomyces_cerevisiae/ Similar pages Stanford Genomic ResourcesMaintained by the saccharomyces Genome Database within the Department of Genetics saccharomyces Genome Deletion Project. Genomic Research Departments http://www.ensembl.org/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae/

7. Entrez Genome View www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=4932 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=4932

8. SCPD SCPD The Promoter Database of saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Explore the promoter regions of ~6000 genes and ORFs in yeast genome http://rulai.cshl.edu/SCPD/

SCPD The Promoter Database of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genes : Explore the promoter regions of ~6000 genes and ORFs in yeast genome Provide information on genes with mapped regulatory regions Annotate putative regulatory sites of all genes and ORFs Locate intergenic regions Retrieve sequence of the promoter region Regulatory elements and transcriptional factors Provide information on transcriptionally related genes Matrix and Consensus sequence Correlation between elements Binding affinity and expression Genomewise distribution Analysis tools Retrieve promoter sequences Find ORFs from gene names Search existing motifs Search for predefined putative regulatory elements using matrix and consensus ... Multisequence alignment by GibbsDNA Submit records to SCPD Submit a gene record Submit a consensus record Submit a matrix record Miscellaneous features Documentation Collection of binding affinity and expression data Links o TRANSFAC o TFD o TRRD o SGD o MIPS o GENBANK o IMD o Stanford DNA Microarray Database o YPD Licensing Licensing information mzhang@cshl.edu

9. Saccharomyces - MicrobeWiki MicrobeWiki page describes the taxonomy, characteristics, genome structure, cell structure and metabolism, and ecology of the yeasts. Includes images. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Saccharomyces

var skin = 'wikistyle';var stylepath = '/skins'; Saccharomyces From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource Jump to: navigation search A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Contents Classification Higher order taxa Species Description and Significance ... edit Classification edit Higher order taxa Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Fungi; Ascomycota; Saccharomycotina; Saccharomycetes; Saccharomycetales; Saccharomycetaceae edit Species Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces boulardi Saccharomyces uvarum NCBI: Taxonomy Genome edit Description and Significance Many organisms in Ascomycota are fungi. The genus Saccharomyces are unicellular fungi, or "yeasts." The name Saccharomyces means "sugar fungus." S. cerevesiae is also known as brewer's yeast for brewing beer. Many signalling pathways of universal importance in eukaryotes were first discovered in Saccharomyces. Retrograde signaling, which consists of signaling pathways leading from the mitochondria to the nucleus, was first discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . To protect itself from acetic acid-mediated programmed cell death

10. Saccharomyces - Definition From Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary Definition of saccharomyces from MerriamWebster s Medical Dictionary with examples and pronunciations. http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/saccharomyces

Home Visit Our Sites Unabridged Dictionary Learner's Dictionary ... Contact Us Also Visit: Unabridged Encyclopedia Britannica Visual ESL: Learner's for Kids: Spell It! Word Central Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Search "saccharomyces" in: Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Open Dictionary Browse words next to: saccharomyces Browse the Medical Dictionary: A B C D ... Z saccharomyces One entry found for saccharomyces Main Entry: sac·cha·ro·my·ces Pronunciation: sak- -r m )s z Function: noun capitalized a genus of unicellular yeasts (as a brewer's yeast) of the family Saccharomycetaceae that are distinguished by their sparse or absent mycelium and by their facility in reproducing asexually by budding plural saccharomyces any yeast of the genus Saccharomyces Learn more about "saccharomyces" and related topics at Britannica.com Find Jobs in Your City Pronunciation Symbols Products ... Advertising Info

11. Saccharomyces --  Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on saccharomyces genus of yeasts belonging to the family Saccharomycetaceae (phylum Ascomycota, kingdom Fungi). http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002436/Saccharomyces

var britAdCategory = "other"; Already a member? LOGIN Encyclopædia Britannica - the Online Encyclopedia Home Blog Advocacy Board ... Free Trial Britannica Online Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Saccharomyces Print this Table of Contents Linked Articles yeast Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. Saccharomyces Page 1 of 1 genus of yeasts belonging to the family Saccharomycetaceae (phylum Ascomycota, kingdom Fungi). An outstanding characteristic of members of Saccharomyces Saccharomyces... (75 of 85 words) To read the full article, activate your FREE Trial Close Enable free complete viewings of Britannica premium articles when linked from your website or blog-post. Now readers of your website, blog-post, or any other web content can enjoy full access to this article on Saccharomyces , or any Britannica premium article for free, even those readers without a premium membership. Just copy the HTML code fragment provided below to create the link and then paste it within your web content. For more details about this feature, visit our Webmaster and Blogger Tools page Copy and paste this code into your page var dc_UnitID = 14; var dc_PublisherID = 15588; var dc_AdLinkColor = '009900'; var dc_adprod='ADL'; var dc_open_new_win = 'yes'; var dc_isBoldActive= 'no';

12. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Approximately 24000 unique links have been established among 2356 of the 6217 proteins of saccharomyces cerevisiae by methods described in Assigning Protein http://www.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/Services/GPofYPF/

Yeast Protein Function Assignment Enter a yeast ORF name (for example, YOR128C): or choose from the complete list of yeast ORFS Approximately 24,000 unique links have been established among 2356 of the 6217 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by methods described in Assigning Protein Functions by Comparative Genome Analysis: Protein Phylogenetic Profiles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci :4285-4288 (1999), link to PNAS abstract or Medline abstract ) and in Detecting Protein Function and Protein-Protein Interactions from Genome Sequences Science :751-753 (1999), link to Science abstract or Medline abstract ). Approximately 2500 additional links are derived from known experimental interactions in the DIP database and MIPS database , from yeast proteins whose E. coli homologs catalyze sequential metabolic reactions (as defined in the EcoCyc database ), and from yeast proteins whose mRNAs show correlated expression patterns using publicly available gene chip data from the Stanford Genomic group and Pat Brown's Lab . Lastly, we predict a protein's function from the function of proteins that it is linked to using the hierarchal annotations of the MIPS yeast database . Explanation of the prediction methods, error rates, etc. appears in

13. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Bakers' And Brewers' Yeast. Tom Volk's Fungus Of The M Article by Tom Volk on the yeast used by bakers and brewers. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/dec2002.html

Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for December 2002 by Tom Volk and Anne Galbraith This month's fungus is Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the bakers' and brewers' yeast For the rest of my pages on fungi, please click TomVolkFungi.net For a special holiday treat, be sure to visit Fungi that are necessary for a merry Christmas This month's fungus makes many of our holiday festivities even more festive in many ways, from the "spirits" of Christmas, to bread-making, to important scientific research. It's a very appropriate Fungus of the Month whether you're celebrating Christmas, Hanukkah, or Kwanzaa. Even its scientific name is festive, meaning "the sugar fungus of the beer." The term "Yeast" is a morphological term that refers to a one-celled fungus. Most yeasts, including Saccharomyces reproduce by budding, where the daughter cells bleb off from a small pore in the side of the mother cell, as shown to the left. Sometimes the buds do not completely split off from the mother cells, and chains of yeast cells can be formed, as if to communicate with us. A few yeasts, like Schizosaccharomyces , the "splitting sugar fungus," reproduce by simple fission, where the mother cell divides through the center into two more or less equal parts.

14. BioMed Central | Abstract | 1471-2164-9-100 | New Insights Into The Saccharomyce New insights into the saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation switch dynamic The capacity of respiring cultures of saccharomyces cerevisiae to http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/100

Log on / register Feedback Support home ... Volume 9 Viewing options: Abstract PDF Associated material: Readers' comments PubMed record Related literature: on Google Scholar on PubMed Central on Google Scholar van den Brink J Daran-Lapujade P Pronk JT de Winde JH on PubMed van den Brink J Daran-Lapujade P Pronk JT de Winde JH ... on PubMed Tools: Email to a friend Order reprints Post a comment Sign up for article alerts toggleauthors('authpm','authbuttonpm'); toggleauthors('authg','authbuttong'); toggleauthors('authos','authbuttonos'); toggleauthors('autha','authbuttona'); Post to: Citeulike Connotea Del.icio.us Digg ... Facebook Research article New insights into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation switch: dynamic transcriptional response to anaerobicity and glucose-excess Joost van den Brink Pascale Daran-Lapujade Jack T Pronk and Johannes H de Winde BMC Genomics doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-100 Published: Abstract (provisional) Background The capacity of respiring cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to immediately switch to fast alcoholic fermentation upon a transfer to anaerobic sugar-excess conditions is a key characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in many of its industrial applications. This transition was studied by exposing aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures grown at a low specific growth rate to two simultaneous perturbations: oxygen depletion and relief of glucose limitation. Results The shift towards fully fermentative conditions caused a massive transcriptional reprogramming, where one third of all genes within the genome were transcribed differentially. The changes in transcript levels were mostly driven by relief from glucose-limitation. After an initial strong response to the addition of glucose, the expression profile of most transcriptionally regulated genes displayed a clear switch at 30 minutes. In this respect, a striking difference was observed between the transcript profiles of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and those encoding ribosomal biogenesis components. Not all regulated genes responded with this binary profile. A group of 87 genes showed a delayed and steady increase in expression that specifically responded to anaerobiosis.

15. GIANTmicrobes | Beer & Bread (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) Come and get it! This microbe is a baker, and a brewer and a scientist to boot. Pretty amazing! Learn about the secrets to its success. http://www.giantmicrobes.com/us/products/beerandbread.html

Search: Advanced search Select Category GIANTmicrobes Originals - Aerials - Alimentaries - Ambulatories - Aquatics - Calamities - Corporeals - Critters - Exotics - Health - Infirmaries - Maladies - Menageries - Professional - Tropicals - Venereals Medical Merchandise New Products! Your cart is empty Come and get it! This microbe is a baker, and a brewer and a scientist to boot. Pretty amazing! Learn about the secrets to its success. GIANTmicrobes(R) Original (5-7" plush doll) GIANTmicrobes(R) Petri Dish (3 mini microbes) Martian Life (ALH 84001) Penicillin (Penicillium chrysogenum) T4 (T4-Bacteriophage)

16. A Genome-wide Analysis In : Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Demonstrates The Influence A genomewide analysis in saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrates the influence of chromatin modifiers on transcription. Israel Steinfeld1,2, http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n3/abs/ng1965.html

Jump to main content Jump to navigation nature.com homepage ... Login Search This journal All of nature.com Advanced search Journal home Archive Analysis Abstract Analysis abstract Nature Genetics doi A genome-wide analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrates the influence of chromatin modifiers on transcription Israel Steinfeld , Ron Shamir Abstract Chromatin structure is important in transcription regulation. Many factors influencing chromatin structure have been identified, but the transcriptional programs in which they participate are still poorly understood. Chromatin modifiers participate in transcriptional control together with DNA-bound transcription factors. High-throughput experimental methods allow the genome-wide identification of binding sites for transcription factors as well as quantification of gene expression under various environmental and genetic conditions. We have developed a new methodology that uses the vast amount of available data to dissect the contribution of chromatin structure to transcription. We measure and characterize the dependence of transcription factor function on specific chromatin modifiers. We apply our methodology to S. cerevisiae

17. Saccharomyces saccharomyces. Sorry pretty much on a blog-vacation. Nature; Public Library of Science; saccharomyces Genome Database; Science Blogs; Slashdot. http://saccharomyces.blogspot.com/

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?targetBlogID=22362783"); var BL_backlinkURL = "http://www.blogger.com/dyn-js/backlink_count.js";var BL_blogId = "22362783"; Saccharomyces Sorry - pretty much on a blog-vacation. Check back sometime, you never know... Contributors catswym dlamming Links Nature Public Library of Science Saccharomyces Genome Database Science Blogs ... Slashdot

18. Data Mining Tools For The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Morphological Database -- Sai We have recently made this morphological quantitative data available to the public through the saccharomyces cerevisiae Morphological Database (SCMD). http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/33/suppl_2/W753

@import "/resource/css/hw.css"; @import "/resource/css/nar.css"; Skip Navigation Oxford Journals Contact Us My Basket ... Volume 33, Web Server Issue Pp. W753-W757 Previous Article Next Article Nucleic Acids Research 2005 33(Web Server Issue):W753-W757; doi:10.1093/nar/gki451 This Article Abstract Print PDF (1527K) Screen PDF (358K) Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal ... for Open Access NAR Content Google Scholar Articles by Saito, T. L. Articles by Morishita, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Saito, T. L. Articles by Morishita, S. Social Bookmarking What's this? The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact Article Data mining tools for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae morphological database Taro L. Saito

19. Chemical Mechanism Of Homoisocitrate Dehydrogenase From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Chemical Mechanism of Homoisocitrate Dehydrogenase from saccharomyces cerevisiae†. Ying Lin,‡ Jerome Volkman,‡ Kenneth M. Nicholas,‡ Takashi Yamamoto,§ http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/asap/abs/bi702361j.html

@import url(/styles/article.css); Table of Contents Journal Home Page Search the Journals Full Text HTML ... Purchase Article Biochemistry Web Release Date: March 6, Chemical Mechanism of Homoisocitrate Dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ying Lin Jerome Volkman Kenneth M. Nicholas Takashi Yamamoto Tadashi Eguchi Susan L. Nimmo Ann H. West and Paul F. Cook Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 620 Parrington Oval, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan Received November 30, 2007 Revised Manuscript Received February 11, 2008 Abstract: K a K a of 9.5 and likely catalyzes the tautomerization step by donating a proton to the enol to give the final product. The general acid is observed in only the V C isotope effects indicate that hydride transfer and decarboxylation steps contribute to rate limitation, and that the decarboxylation step is the more rate-limiting of the two. The multiple-substrate deuterium/ C isotope effects suggest a stepwise mechanism with hydride transfer preceding decarboxylation. With homoisocitrate as the substrate, no primary deuterium isotope effect was observed, and a small

20. Fungal Genomes And Comparative Genomics » » New Saccharomyces Resequencing Ass David Carter at the Sanger Centre emailed a message that new assemblies of saccharomyces strain resequencing project have been posted including a new http://fungalgenomes.org/blog/2008/02/new-saccharomyces-resequencing-assembly/

Fungal Genomes and Comparative Genomics About Digesting the fungal genomes New Saccharomyces resequencing assembly David Carter at the Sanger Centre emailed a message that new assemblies of Saccharomyces strain resequencing project have been posted including a new three-way alignment of S. bayanus S.paradoxus S.cerevisiae . This updates the Dec 2007 release "I have uploaded a new release of the SGRP data to our FTP server: ftp://ftp.sanger.ac.uk/pub/dmc/yeast/latest This release, which supersedes the one made on December 4th 2007 , fixes some bugs and adds several further types of data files. The alignments and assemblies are different, but the reads are not. I hope that this release will be the final one in the sense that the data in it will not change, though other files may be added in the future, in which case I will send out another message. A user manual for the data is available at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Teams/Team71/durbin/sgrp/sgrp_manual.pdf Quality scores are now combined in a better-motivated way for both ABI and Solexa data, and a bug has been fixed which caused quality scores for many reverse-strand alignments to be misaligned with their nucleotides. Some nucleotides now appear as "N" in the "imputed.gz" data files. These are for regions which seem to have diverged significantly from the reference so that no safe alignments or imputations are possible. About 5% of each strain sequence is affected. The "sequenced.gz" files are not affected by this change.

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