1. Sonoluminescence - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Another long exposure image of sonoluminescence in a beaker of water. Each bright blue dot is an individual bubble that is emitting light. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoluminescence

Sonoluminescence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Another long exposure image of sonoluminescence in a beaker of water. Each bright blue dot is an individual bubble that is emitting light. Long exposure image of multi-bubble sonoluminescence created by a high intensity ultrasonic horn immersed in a beaker of liquid. Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound Contents History Properties Fluid Mechanics Mechanism of phenomenon ... edit History The effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in 1934 as a result of work on sonar H. Frenzel and H. Schultes put an ultrasound transducer in a tank of photographic developer fluid . They hoped to speed up the development process. Instead, they noticed tiny dots on the film after developing, and realized that the bubbles in the fluid were emitting light with the ultrasound turned on. It was too difficult to analyze the effect in early experiments because of the complex environment of a large number of short-lived bubbles. (This experiment is also ascribed to N. Marinesco and J.J. Trillat in 1933 which also credits them with independent discovery). This phenomenon is now referred to as multi-bubble sonoluminescence ( MBSL More than 50 years later, in

2. Sonoluminescence Homepage Maker of sonoluminescence kits. Provides instructions and suggested experiments. http://www.sonoluminescence.com/

Sonoluminescence apparatus ready to run. Email: sl100@sonoluminescence.com johnkord@yahoo.com

3. Sonoluminescence Experiment: Sound Into Light Detailed explanation of how I configured apparatus for the observation of sonoluminescence. http://www.techmind.org/sl/

by W.A. Steer PhD Back to contents About... Contents Introduction Detailed Method Preparation of flask Electrical circuit ... Appendix Introduction Sonoluminescence was first observed in an ultrasonic water bath in 1934 by H. Frenzel and H. Schultes at the University of Cologne, an indirect result of wartime research in marine acoustic radar. This early work involved very strong ultrasonic fields and yielded clouds of unpredictable and non-synchronous flashing bubbles, now termed "multi-bubble sonoluminescence". Such a chaotic phenomenon did not lend itself to detailed scientific investigation. Study of sonoluminescence then made little progress until 1988, when D. Felipe Gaitan succeeded in trapping a stable sonoluminescing bubble at the centre of a flask energised at its acoustic resonance - single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). However their interest soon waned, and the research was subsequently taken up by Dr S. Putterman et. al., at UCLA, California. Putterman pursued SBSL, published numerous papers, and established many of the characteristics which are now taken for granted. Once per acoustic cycle, coincident with a sharp decrease in bubble size, bluey-white light is emitted in a brief flash shorter than 100picoseconds in duration, with incredible regularity. Despite the results that have been obtained, the actual mechanism by which sound is converted to light remains elusive, not least because of the difficulty in measuring the conditions inside a pulsating bubble whose diameter is measured in micro-meters. It is generally agreed that the adiabatic compression of the bubble leads to very high interior temperatures, but beyond that, shocks, plasmas, ionisation and photo-recombination, Bremsstrahlung radiation, and even fusion are all hotly-debated possible explanations.

4. Sonoluminescence One of the key unsolved problems of physics relates to the motion of continuous media and can be formulated as follows. Why is there a general tendency of http://www.physics.ucla.edu/Sonoluminescence/

One of the key unsolved problems of physics relates to the motion of continuous media and can be formulated as follows: Why is there a general tendency of the off-equilibrium motion of continuous media to be characterized by the formation of structures and the focusing of energy? Introduction Seth Putterman, PhD. UCLA Physics Department, Los Angeles CA 90025. Fax 310- 206- 5668 for assistance please contact Administrative Services Group asg@physics.ucla.edu

5. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence is the initiation of bright flashes of light caused by imposing a loud, high frequency sound on a gas bubble contained within a liquid. http://www.halexandria.org/dward166.htm

Sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence is the initiation of bright flashes of light caused by imposing a loud, high frequency sound on a gas bubble contained within a liquid. According to one report [1] sound (typically 110 decibels at 25,000 Hertz) can cause a single air bubble in water to oscillate. As the pressure of the sound wave decreases (in the normal course of a single cycle of increasing and decreasing pressure), the bubble’s internal pressure causes it to increase in size to a maximum radius of about 70 micrometers. As the external pressure of the sound wave increases, the bubble begins to collapse. This collapse occurs partway through the rise in external pressure (and lasts about 15 x 10 seconds). The collapsing bubble walls shrink the bubble to less than a hundredth of its maximum size in about 15 microseconds. Then, as the bubble nears its minimum size, it emits a bright flash of light. The maximum duration of the flash of light is about 50 picoseconds (50 x 10 seconds). The bubble then oscillates about its minimum radius for a short time, before the cycle repeats itself. The temperature rise inside the bubble is estimated to rise to between 100,000 and a million degrees Kelvin, and the internal pressures to as much as 100 million times atmospheric pressure.

6. Single Bubble Sonoluminescence HOWTO There are many papers about the theory of Single Bubble sonoluminescence available, but exact descriptions how to produce it are rare. http://www.macgeisler.de/nld/sbsl-howto.html

Reinhard's Experimental Physics Letters (unpublished) 5/1996 Single Bubble Sonoluminescence HOWTO What's this all about? There are many papers about the theory of Single Bubble Sonoluminescence available, but exact descriptions how to produce it are rare. So if you already know about sonoluminescence and now want to reproduce it, this is the right place to look at. I tried to give a complete and detailed report of the steps towards SBSL. Any suggestions, supplementations, comments are welcome... This experiment may be dangerous. Always think before you work. Working with vacuum or boiling water can cause explosions. High voltages are generated in this experiment. I will not be responsible for any injuries or damaged equipment. If you don't know what you are doing just don't do it at all. And: No, I am also not responsible for any thermonuclear accident you trigger. Equipment (required): sine generator: any function generator working around 25 kHz, adjustable to +/- 1 Hz (+/- 10 Hz may work, too) amplifier: nearly any kind of audio amplifier will do. If you're not sure, measure the saturation voltage: 40 V peak-to-peak should be enough.

7. Christopher Petersen's Page By Chris Petersen. Provides history, overview and specifics of his experiment. http://members.aol.com/cpeter2001/science2/index.htm

Sonoluminescence, Quotes and Links~ Hello, my name is Chris Petersen. I am a Physics major at the University of California Santa Barbara and no longer at Shasta College in Redding, CA. While at Shasta College I completed an independent study on single bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Under Tom Masulis and Joe Polen, Douglas Manning and I were successful in making Sonoluminescence. This is an incredible phenomenon where sound can be converted into light! Sonoluminescence was discovered by accident (like most applications in science) in the early 1930's by a pair of German Physicists @ the University of Cologne. It hasn't been until the last ten years that theorists and researchers have really given sonoluminescence an audience. The leading work has being done by Seth J. Putterman, Robert A. Hiller and Bradley P. Barber at UCLA. While this group has published many papers on sonoluminescence the most popular of their papers can be found in Scientific American Feb. 1995 Vol.272. The phenomenon of single bubble sonoluminescence can be produced as a table top physics project. From 100 to 200 dollars one can make sonoluminescence. To make SBSL (Single Bubble Sonoluminescence) one has to have a bubble (of plain air) surrounded by water in a spherical flask and then bombarded by high frequency sound waves. This causes the bubble to contract and as this happens something very spectacular happens! The bubble starts emitting light. Light, as in photons are being emitted from this bubble of air (now plasma) that is under contraction. I hope that you are as amazed as I was the first time I learned of this effect (that is if you are not already looking for info on SL).

8. Sonoluminescence - Creation Of Light From Sound Single Bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) is the emission of flashes of light by imploding air bubbles in liquid. It was first observed as random flashes of http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2004/bristol_eaimkhong/sonoluminesce

S o n o chemistry Sounds into Reaction Home Introduction Theory Application ... Contact Applications of Sonochemistry(SC) Sonoluminescence Single Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL) is the emission of flashes of light by imploding air bubbles in liquid. It was first observed as random flashes of light during studies of cavitation. Recently, repetitive emission of SL has been produced under relatively stable, reproducible experimental conditions. The excellent stability of SL from single acoustically levitated bubbles has made possible detailed studies of the emission characteristics[2]. However, since each flash emits only about one million photons, these measurements have generally required averaging the characteristics over a large number of flashes. Fig6 - apparatus for single bubble sonoluminescence. The ultrasound is applied across the rounded bottom flask and hence bubble is created. Other applications Sonoluminescence Sonofusion Chemoluminescence Sonocrystalisation ... Sonocatalyst In single bubble sonoluminescence, the bubble is concentrating the energy of the acoustic vibrations be a factor of one trillion. The flashes are so brief that to measure the properties of light , we must use photodetectors that respond more quickly than those employed by high-energy physicists. And this is the only means of generating picosecond flashes of light that does not require expensive lasers, which might lead to development of nuclear fusion due to its achievement in focusing of energy.

9. Physics News Graphics: Sonoluminescence And Medical Ultrasound Provides diagrams of what sonoluminescence may look like close up. http://www.aip.org/png/html/sonomed.htm

SEARCH AIP Search Physics News Graphics: Sonoluminescence and Medical Ultrasound Scientists have found evidence that medical ultrasound devices can produce sonoluminescence. This figure shows the calculated acoustic field of a device used in medicine to induce therapeutic lesions in tissue. This acoustic field generates intense sonoluminescence, although not so much at the focus, where one would expect it to be the most intense. (Figures courtesy of Lawrence Crum, University of Washington) Link to Physics News Preview, movie "Chain Reaction" Back to Physics News Graphics Main Page

10. Boosting Sonoluminescence Accepted for publication in 1996, this paper describes how a bimodal sound excitation can enhance light production. http://www.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/~hofu/paper/boosting/main.html

Institute of Applied Physics Nonlinear Physics Group Home Research People Publications ... Links Boosting Sonoluminescence Joachim Holzfuss , Robert Mettin Publication in: Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 1961-1964. Received: September 26, 1996 Abstract: Single bubble sonoluminescence has been experimentally produced through a novel approach of optimized sound excitation. A driving consisting of a first and second harmonic with selected amplitudes and relative phase results in an increase of light emission compared to sinusoidal driving. We achieved a raise of the maximum photo current of up to 300% with the two-mode sound signal. Numerical simulations of multi-mode excitation of a single bubble are compared to this result. PACS numbers: 78.60.Mq, 43.25.Yw, 42.65.Re, 02.60.Pn By focusing ultrasonic waves of high intensity into a liquid, thousands of tiny bubbles appear. This process of breakup of the liquid is called acoustic cavitation. The bubbles begin to form a fractal structure that is dynamically changing in time. They also emit a loud chaotic sound because of their forced nonlinear oscillations in the sound field [ ]. The large mechanical forces on objects brought into contact with the bubbles enable the usage of cavitation in cleaning, particle destruction and chemistry. Marinesco and Trillat [

11. Summary Of Sonochemistry And Sonoluminescence, Suslick Research Group Chemistry Provides background on how sonoluminescence can be used in chemistry. http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/suslick/execsummsono.html

Overview Suslick Group Website Research Group Description ... for Visiting EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND Kenneth S. Suslick The research team led by Professor Suslick has pioneered the exploration of ultrasound as a tool for chemists. He has developed new applications of sonochemistry in organometallic, inorganic, materials, and biological chemistry. His research at the UIUC has developed new approaches to amorphous and nanostructured materials, has shown great promise for the activation of heterogeneous catalysts, and has created a whole new class of medically important biomaterials. For a listing of commercially available sonochemical equipment, click here. Background — The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Instead, sonochemistry and sonoluminescence arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. Cavitational collapse produces intense K/sec). Acoustic cavitation provides a unique interaction of energy and matter, and ultrasonic irradiation of liquids causes high energy chemical reactions to occur, often accompanied by the emission of light [1]. Acoustic Cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid irradiated with high intensity ultrasound.

12. SONOLUMINESCENCE | Home Sound, light, dance improvisation by Todd Barton, Terry Longshore, Michael Maag, Suzee Grilley and Bruce Bayard. http://sonoluminescence.us/

sonoluminescence artists images clips tickets ... home Sonoluminescence Terry Longshore, Michael Maag, Suzee Grilley, Bruce Bayard and Todd Barton creating improvisational sound, movement and light.

13. Non-Prophet: Sonoluminescence Interest in sonoluminescence was renewed when an inner temperature of such a bubble well above one million kelvins was postulated. This temperature is thus http://nonprophet.typepad.com/nonprophet/2008/02/sonoluminescenc.html

Non-Prophet Main February 21, 2008 Sonoluminescence I remember back in my days working in particle physics a trip to the University of Pennsylvania. During it a guy working in the hall I was working in took me in and showed me his experiment to try to unravel the mystery of sonoluminescense. They had what I remember as a couple of Marshall amp heads hooked up to a jar full of water, and with it they could produce some very mysterious pulses of light. Adding to the mystery was that the light pulses were among the shortest in duration of anything that had ever been produced, and that the mechanism that accounted for the light was something of a complete mystery. Wikipedia Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. The effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in 1934 as a result of work on sonar. H. Frenzel and H. Schultes put an ultrasound transducer in a tank of photographic developer fluid. They hoped to speed up the development process. Instead, they noticed tiny dots on the film after developing, and realized that the bubbles in the fluid were emitting light with the ultrasound turned on. It was too difficult to analyze the effect in early experiments because of the complex environment of a large number of short-lived bubbles. (This experiment is also ascribed to N. Marinesco and J.J. Trillat in 1933 which also credits them with independent discovery). This phenomenon is now referred to as multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL).

14. Sonoluminescence In Space At Boston University Proposes to study sonoluminescence in space and in microgravity. http://www.bu.edu/paclab/sono/sono.html

Project overview: We have proposed a benchmark experiment that will probe the effects of gravity on Single Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). SBSL has been the topic of many exciting research efforts in the past decade, yet there still remain several critical characteristics of the phenomenon to "decipher": (1) the light emission mechanism; (2) the disappearance of the bubble at some critical acoustic pressure; and (3) the appearance of quasiperiodic and chaotic oscillations in flash timing. Gravity, in the context of time-varying buoyancy , is implicated in these unexplained phenomena which have all been observed in 1g experiments. The project will include both numerical analysis' and KC-135 Parabolic Flight Experiments Further information: Preliminary analysis: "The effects of ambient acceleration on Bubble dynamics and single bubble sonoluminescence", by Sean C. Wyatt, R. Glynn Holt, and Ronald A. Roy. Results presented at the 136th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Norfolk, VA, October 13, 1998. Project personnel: Glynn Holt Ronald Roy Charles Thomas Sean Wyatt Funding agency: NASA Acoustics in Bubbly Media Acoustic Time Reversal Lithotripsy Nonlinear Wave Propagation ... Sonoluminescence in Space

15. Sonoluminescence (physics) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia This effect, called sonoluminescence, is believed to create instantaneous temperatures hotter than the surface of the Sun. http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-554552/sonoluminescence

Already a member? LOGIN Encyclopædia Britannica - the Online Encyclopedia Home Blog Advocacy Board ... Free Trial Britannica Online Content Related to this Topic Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. sonoluminescence (physics) A selection of articles discussing this topic. cavitation ...the cavitation process and its applications. A contemporary subject of research involves emission of light as the cavity produced by a high-intensity ultrasonic wave collapses. This effect, called sonoluminescence, is believed to create instantaneous temperatures hotter than the surface of the Sun. nuclear fusion ...reactions (neutrons and tritium) during acoustic cavitation experiments with chilled deuterated (bombarded with deuterium) acetone. Their experimental setup was based on the known phenomenon of sonoluminescence. In sonoluminescence a gas bubble is imploded with high-pressure sound waves. At the end of the implosion process, and for a short time afterward, conditions of high density and... Magazine and Journal Articles : Brutal Bubbles.

16. Alternative.energy -- The Solutions, Now -- Sonoluminescence Energy According to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, sonoluminescence is the emission of light by bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. http://library.thinkquest.org/26366/text/alternative/sl.html

alternative.energy The Solutions, Now Sonoluminescence Energy What is sonoluminescence? How does this alternative benefit people? Why have I not heard or seen much about this technology? What is sonoluminescence? According to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "sonoluminescence is the emission of light by bubbles in a liquid excited by sound." The first process of sonoluminescence is to create a bubble with one percent argon impurity in a container filled with liquid. The size of this bubble should be about 4 microns in diameter. Next, sound waves with a frequency at around 110 decibels will bombard the bubble, causing sonoluminescence to be initiated. At first, the tiny bubble grows to at least one hundred microns wide. Then, the bubble collapses to 1 micron. During this process, the temperature of the bubble can rise as high as 72 000 K. How does this alternative benefit people? Like other alternative energies, sonoluminescence is clean and renewable, and at the same time produces large amounts of energy. It is for this very feature that it is possible with sonoluminescence to break down materials at the subatomic level; that can help to recycle different types of materials. Sonoluminescence can also be used to create fusion. Fusion is thought to occur in the bubble, for the pressure and the temperature are so high. Even several industrial laboratories have used the sonoluminescence process to fuse hydrogen into metal. Why have I not heard or seen much of this technology?

17. What Is Sonoluminescence? Brief and Straightforward Guide What is sonoluminescence? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-sonoluminescence.htm

What is Sonoluminescence? ad_unit_target='mainAdUnit'; X Close this window Sonoluminescence is a mysterious phenomenon caused when ultrasound waves excite a liquid, creating tiny bubbles which emit light when they collapse. The effect is magnified when the bubbles contain a noble gas . The phrase sonoluminescence means "sound light". There are various theories about sonoluminescence, none of which have been conclusively proven. Temperatures of above 20,000 K have been measured at the centres of these tiny bubbles. This is hot enough to boil diamond. The phenomenon of sonoluminescence was popularized in the film Chain Reaction starring Keanu Reeves. In the movie, sonoluminescence is used to kickstart a nuclear fusion reaction. Bubbles created by sonoluminescence have been observed generating temperatures measuring in the kilokelvins , or tens of thousands of degrees. The temperature threshold to initiate nuclear fusion reactions is in the millions of degrees, or megakelvins . There is a bit of a discrepancy here, a discrepancy adding up to three orders of magnitude. Sonoluminescence is hot, but it's not that hot. Researchers from the lab of Purdue scientist R. P. Taleyarkhan claimed that, under sonoluminescence, an acetone-filled vessel emitted neutrons at a

18. Hot Sounds: Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence Can Melt Steel - Popular Mechanics sonoluminescence, or light from sound, was first observed in 1934 by German scientists who put an ultrasound generator in a tank of photographic developer. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/1281666.html

CONTACT US SUBSCRIBE ADVERTISE MARKETPLACE ... How-To Central Full Text Keyword menuStart('primaryNav'); Robotics Extreme Machines Research Worst-Case Scenarios ... Science Hot Sounds: Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence Can Melt Steel BY JIM WILSON Published in the February 1998 issue. Page Email Print del.icio.us Reddit Digg it View blog authority Section Archive Sonoluminescence isn't a household name, but it could soon shake up the world of nuclear physics. Sonoluminescence, or light from sound, was first observed in 1934 by German scientists who put an ultrasound generator in a tank of photographic developer. They hoped that vibrating the fluid at frequencies higher than humans can hear would speed up the development process. Instead, the emulsion-coated plates emerged with spots. On closer inspection, they found that when the ultrasound generator was turned on, the bubble-filled fluid emitted a faint glow. It was this light that damaged the plates. All of this was very intriguing. But with digital computers yet to be invented, there was no way to study the unwieldy mass of short-lived bubbles in the developer fluid. It's all in the bubbles Sonoluminescence was put on the shelf and pretty much ignored for more than 50 years. Then, in 1989, Lawrence Crum, then a professor at the University of Mississippi, and Felipe Gaitan, one of his graduate students, devised a way to study the phenomenon: They would look at one bubble at a time.

19. Sonoluminescence And Fusion The important subject in this case is sonoluminescence, the emission of pulses of blue light from the collapse of air bubbles in a liquid that has been http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/sonolum.html

March 5 Evidence showing that nuclear fusion can occur in a beaker of liquid excited by sound waves, has produced a new flurry of press activity reminiscent of that around the 1989 announcement by Pons and Fleischmann that they had achieved fusion in an electrochemical cell. The new evidence, reporting on experiments by a team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is reported in an March 8, 2002 article in Science magazine that was released yesterday. As then, the prevailing popular delusions about what science is dominate the discussion, even by the scientists themselves. As the announcment of the 1989 cold fusion anomaly came under attack from lying establishment physicists, discussion unfortunately, degenerated into practical arguments over whether or not, and how soon, a cold-fusion cell in every basement could replace the gas furnace or oil burner. Whether the results announced in the 8 March Science article, ``Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation,'' prove sound or not, we are reminded again that scientific progress can result only from the posing and resolution of true paradoxes in the mind of an experimental investigator. The important subject in this case is sonoluminescence, the emission of pulses of blue light from the collapse of air bubbles in a liquid that has been excited by sound waves, first studied in Germany in 1934. How a light wave could be produced by a sound wave was the unsolved paradox. In the Oak Ridge experiments, the hydrogen in acetone (C-3 H-6 O), the principal ingredient in nail polish remover, is replaced by the heavier deuterium isotope. Sound waves are passed through the liquid at the same time as a pulse of high energy neutrons. It is hypothesized that the acoustic bubbles which form, then collapse so fast that not only is light produced, but the deuterium is somehow caused to undergo nuclear fusion. The evidence for this is in the excess of neutrons and tritium, a heavier isotope of hydrogen, detected in the solution. The amounts are very small, however, and the existence of the effect is being challenged.

20. Tiny Bubbles Get Hotter Than The Sun - LiveScience - MSNBC.com This illustration shows sonoluminescence at work, moving from upper The bubbles are driven to form and collapse in a process called sonoluminescence, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7082639/

Skip navigation Web MSNBC Science Space Gadgets Internet ... Innovation Categories U.S. news World news Politics Business ... Local news Browse Video Community Photos Today Show ... MSNBC TV Tiny bubbles get hotter than sun Scientists study process that some suspect may involve small-scale fusion Nature via LiveScience This illustration shows sonoluminescence at work, moving from upper right to lower left. At low sound-wave pressure, a gas bubble expands. An increase in pressure triggers its collapse, creating a smaller bubble of partly ionized gas. Temperatures soar, and the resulting plasma emits light that is detected in the experiment. By By Michael Schirber Just as blowing up a bubble leads to a pop, so can shrinking it. Rapidly collapsing bubbles have long been known to reach astonishing temperatures. Now scientists have measured just how hot. And they're surprised. "When bubbles in a liquid get compressed, the insides get hot — very hot," said Ken Suslick of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "The temperature we measured — about 20,000 degrees Kelvin [35,540 degrees Fahrenheit] — is four times hotter than the surface of our Sun." The bubbles are driven to form and collapse in a process called sonoluminescence, in which a liquid is blasted with high-frequency sound waves between 20 and 40 kilohertz (the highest pitch that humans can hear is about 20 kilohertz).

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