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         Hypothesis:     more books (103)
  1. Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture, and the Contact Hypothesis by H. D. Forbes, 1997-08-25
  2. What's Going to Happen?: Making Your Hypothesis (Step Into Science) by Paul Challen, 2010-01-30
  3. Statistical Power Analysis: A Simple and General Model for Traditional and Modern Hypothesis Tests, Third Edition by Brett Myors, Kevin R. Murphy, et all 2003-09
  4. The Law of Psychic Phenomena; A Working Hypothesis for the Systematic Study of Hypnotism, Spiritism, Mental Therapeutics, Etc by Thomson Jay Hudson, 2010-10-14
  5. The Law of Psychic Phenomena: A Working Hypothesis for the Systemic Study of Hypnotism, Spiritism, Mental Therapeutics, Etc. by Thomson Jay Hudson, 1995-09
  6. The Addiction Concept: Working Hypothesis or Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? by Glenn D. Walters, 1998-09-24
  7. Hemodynamic Basis of Atherosclerosis: With Critique of the Cholesterol-Heart Disease Hypothesis by Meyer Texon, 1996-01
  8. Riemann Hypothesis and Prime Number Theorem; Comprehensive Reference, Guide and Solution Manual by Daljit S. Jandu, 2005-12-20
  9. For the People by the People? Eugene Sue's Les Mysteres de Paris--A Hypothesis in the Sociology of Literature (Legenda: Research Monographs in French Studies, ... French Studies, 16) (Legenda French Studies) by Christopher Prendergast, 2003-10-01
  10. Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis. (AM-3) by Kurt Godel, 1940-09-01
  11. Hypothesis by Jim May, 2010-03-30

61. Wave Nature Of Electron
Two specific examples supporting the wave nature of electrons as suggested in the DeBroglie hypothesis are the discrete atomic energy levels and the
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/debrog.html
Wave Nature of Electron
As a young student at the University of Paris, Louis DeBroglie had been impacted by relativity and the photoelectric effect , both of which had been introduced in his lifetime. The photoelectric effect pointed to the particle properties of light, which had been considered to be a wave phenomenon. He wondered if electons and other "particles" might exhibit wave properties. The application of these two new ideas to light pointed to an interesting possibility:
Confirmation of the DeBroglie hypothesis came in the Davisson- Germer experiment
Examples of electron waves deBroglie wavelength Index ... Quantum Physics R Nave Go Back
Examples of Electron Waves
Two specific examples supporting the wave nature of electrons as suggested in the DeBroglie hypothesis are the discrete atomic energy levels and the diffraction of electrons from crystal planes in solid materials.
Click on either example for further details. The wave nature of the electron must be invoked to explain the behavior of electrons when they are confined to dimensions on the order of the size of an atom. This wave nature is used for the quantum mechanical " particle in a box " and the result of this calculation is used to describe the density of energy states for electrons in solids Index HyperPhysics Quantum Physics R Nave Go Back
DeBroglie Hypothesis
Suggested by De Broglie in about 1923, the path to the

62. MATTER - Index
An alternative approach to provide simple and logical explanations to all physical phenomena related to matter.
http://www.geocities.com/matterdoc/
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63. Word Spy - Hygiene Hypothesis
hygiene hypothesis (HY.jeen hy.PAW.thuh.sis) n. The theory that a lack of early childhood exposure to dirt, bacteria and other infectioncausing agents can
http://www.wordspy.com/words/hygienehypothesis.asp
Home Subjects Archives Quotations Search: Search Tips
hygiene hypothesis
(HY.jeen hy.PAW.thuh.sis) n . The theory that a lack of early childhood exposure to dirt, bacteria and other infection-causing agents can lead to immune system weakness and a increased risk of developing allergies and asthma. Example Citation: The new findings, published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, add to a growing collection of evidence for the " hygiene hypothesis ." This theory suggests that 20th century advances like indoor plumbing, antibiotics and cleaner homes may have contributed to recent increases in allergy, asthma and eczema by decreasing rates of childhood infection. Some infections early in life, the argument goes, help the immune system develop properly.
The New York Times , September 19, 2002 Earliest Citation: The hygiene hypothesis attributes the rise in appendicitis that occurred in the United Kingdom at the beginning of this century to improvements in sewage disposal and water supplies in the late 19th century. 2 These improvements in hygiene greatly reduced the exposure of infants to enteric organisms that programme the immune system of the gut, thereby rendering the bowel more susceptible to triggering infection later in life.
The British Medical Journal , April 1, 1995 Notes: According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology , the number of people with asthma increased by 75 percent from 1980 to 1994. From 1985 to 2000, the number of people with some kind of allergy doubled. Why? If you believe the

64. Subjectivity In Hypothesis Testing Process
JavaScript applets that compute the total net cost/profit in statistical testing with prior probabilities regarding trustfulness of the null hypothesis.
http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Business-stat/otherapplets/SubjTest.htm
Incorporating the Subjective Probabilities in
the Hypothesis Testing Process
Europe Mirror Site Mirror Site for Asia Mirror Site for Middle East USA Site
This site is a part of the JavaScript E-labs learning objects for decision making. Other JavaScript in this series are categorized under different areas of applications in the MENU section on this page. Professor Hossein Arsham
At the planning stage of a statistical hypothesis testing, both parties, namely the "producer", and the "consumer" agree on the testing process prior to taking sampling. In most cases, the consumer has some prior experience; therefore, he/she might be able to make a better decision by incorporating his/her subjective probabilities regarding trustfulness of the null hypothesis. The following JavaScript compute the total net profit, as a performance measure indicating how "good" is the decision-maker in deciding about the input parameters of the decision process. The aim of applying this JavaScript is at improving your decision making process with a desirable net profit. Enter the needed information indicated with red headings, and then click the

65. Review Of "The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search For The Soul" By Fr
REVIEW OF Francis Crick (1994) The Astonishing hypothesis The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York Charles Scribner s Sons. xiv+317pp.
http://psyche.csse.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-18-webster.html
This book may be purchased
from Amazon.Com Review of The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search For The Soul by Francis Crick
Bill Webster

Department of Psychology
Monash University
Clayton, Victoria 3168
AUSTRALIA
Received: August 3, 1995; Accepted: August 13, 1995; Published: October 25, 1995
PSYCHE, 2(18), July 1995
http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-18-webster.html KEYWORDS: Francis Crick, binding problem, mind-brain problem, reductionism.
REVIEW OF: Francis Crick (1994) The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. xiv+317pp. Price: $US 12.60 pbk. ISBN:0684801582. 1.1 This book is a challenging attempt to give a reductionist model of mental processes by one of the leading biologists in the world, Francis Crick. It is not surprising that the Noble laureate who discovered the reductionist explanation of DNA should extend this method to the mind-brain problem. The Astonishing Hypothesis is that "You," your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules. As Lewis Carroll's Alice might have phrased: "You're nothing but a pack of neurons." This hypothesis is so alien to the ideas of most people today that it can truly be called astonishing. (p. 3) 1.2 Richard Gregory, a leading visual psychologist, has argued that Crick is outside of his own field here and could be regarded as a "loose cannon" in the field of visual consciousness, and yet Crick's book is both informative and well written. Crick's main goal is to find a neural mechanism that will explain consciousness, particularly in the context of visual awareness.

66. The Origin Of The Solar System
The Nebular hypothesis in its original form was proposed by Kant and Laplace in In the Nebular hypothesis, a cloud of gas and dust collapsed by gravity
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/nebular.html
The Origin of the
Solar System
The Nebular Hypothesis in its original form was proposed by Kant and Laplace in the 18th century. The initial steps are indicated in the following figures.
Collapsing Clouds of Gas and Dust
A great cloud of gas and dust (called a nebula ) begins to collapse because the gravitational forces that would like to collapse it overcome the forces associated with gas pressure that would like to expand it (the initial collapse might be triggered by a variety of perturbations-a supernova blast wave, density waves in spiral galaxies, etc.).
In the Nebular Hypothesis, a cloud of gas and dust collapsed by gravity begins to spin faster because of angular momentum conservation

It is unlikely that such a nebula would be created with no angular momentum, so it is probably initially spinning slowly. Because of conservation of angular momentum, the cloud spins faster as it contracts.
The Spinning Nebula Flattens
Because of the competing forces associated with gravity, gas pressure, and rotation, the contracting nebula begins to flatten into a spinning pancake shape with a bulge at the center, as illustrated in the following figure.
The collapsing, spinning nebula begins to flatten into a rotating pancake

67. Who Wrote The 5 Books Of Moses? (a.k.a. The Pentateuch, The Books Of The Law, Th
Who wrote the Pentateuch? The documentary hypothesis. Belief in the documentary hypothesis was triggered by a number of factors, such as
http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_tora1.htm
About this site About us Our beliefs Your first visit? Contact us ... Vital notes World religions BUDDHISM CHRISTIANITY Who is a Christian? Shared beliefs ... Comparing religions Non-theistic... Atheism Agnosticism Humanism Other About all religions Important topics Basic information Handle change Doubt/security ... More info. Spiritual/ethics Spirituality Morality/ethics Absolute truth Peace/conflict Attaining peace Religious tolerance Religious hatred Religious conflict ... Religious violence "Hot" topics Very hot topics Ten commandm'ts Abortion Assisted suicide ... Other topics Laws and news Religious laws Religious news
Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament)
The Documentary Hypothesis on the
identity of the Pentateuch's authors
Sponsored link. document.write('');
History of the Documentary Hypothesis:
Both Judaism and Christianity assumed that the Pentateuch the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) were written by Moses , as the Bible itself states. However, in recent centuries, alternative authorship has been proposed. The documentary hypothesis is now accepted by essentially all mainline and liberal theologians. 11th Century CE : Isaac ibn Yashush suggested that the list of the Edomite kings in Genesis 36 was added by an unknown person after Moses died. For this assertion, he became known as "

68. Documentary Hypothesis
Surveys criticism of the documentary hypothesis and notes the more recent, synthesizing approach. This includes studies of pericopes as units and studies of
http://www.christian-thinktank.com/dochypo.html
A brief note about the Documentary Hypothesis...
A while back I wrote a piece that referred to some issues I had with the ole JEDP theorythe Documentary Hypothesis...
It seems like I am not the only one. In researching the data for the AE class I am teaching on "how we got our OT", I ran across some scholarly articles that displayed an interesting pattern. I have put the abstracts and the dates below, in chronological order. See if YOU see the same striking progression I saw... Author: Larsson, Gerhard
Title: The Documentary Hypothesis and the Chronological Structure of the Old Testament.
Journal: Z fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
Year:
Volume: 97(3); pages: 316-333
Surveys criticism of the documentary hypothesis and notes the more recent, synthesizing approach. This includes studies of pericopes as units and studies of internal connections between narratives to find common structural elements. A closer study is also made of the feasibility of using the chronological dates to shed light on the structural design and internal connections of the Pentateuch.
Author: Schmidt, Ludwig

69. ESL Quiz - Making A Hypothesis (Miroslava Nikolova) I-TESL-J
Making a hypothesis. Click the answer button to see the answer. 1. I wish I _ younger. Life does not seem so attractive at the age of 45.
http://a4esl.org/q/h/9807/mn-hypothesis.html
a4esl.org
Making a Hypothesis
Click the answer button to see the answer.

  • a. am
    b. were
    c. had been
    Answer b

  • a. have had
    b. had
    c. have
    Answer b

  • a. were
    b. was c. would be Answer a
  • a. would not surf b. didn't surf c. had not surfed Answer a
  • a. would give b. give c. gave Answer c
  • a. would rather b. had rarher c. would rather to Answer a
  • a. don't b. shouldn't c. didn't Answer c
  • a. to have been born b. to be born c. having been Answer a
  • a. is owning b. owned c. has Answer b
  • a. had broken into b. broke into c. have broken into Answer a chern@bgnet.bg This quiz is part of the HTML-Only Self-Study Quizzes which is part of Activities for ESL Students , a project by The Internet TESL Journal
  • 70. Hypothesis Testing
    hypothesis Testing articles, white papers, examples and links.
    http://www.isixsigma.com/st/hypothesis_testing/
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    Bookmark This Page Email This Page Format for Printing Suggest a Site or Link ... Choosing A Test: Two Proportion Or Two Sample T-Test?

    This article includes a description of whether one should use a 2 proportion test, or a 2 sample t-test when analyzing data. From the iSixSigma Discussion Forum. Concept, Model and Application

    General principles of the hypothesis test. From Southwest Missouri State University. Errors in Hypothesis Testing
    Can't remember which type is a worse mistake to make? Here's an overview. From Southwest Missouri State University.

    71. Gaia Theory Science Of The Living Earth
    The Gaia hypothesis immediately created a lot of interest. This simple model has since become an integral part of the debate about the Gaia hypothesis.
    http://www.gaianet.fsbusiness.co.uk/gaiatheory.html

    72. Objectivist Conferences
    Objectivist Conferences The DIM hypothesis Course Information The course is based on Dr. Peikoff s bookin-progress, The DIM hypothesis,
    http://www.objectivistconferences.com/dim2004/
    Objectivist Conferences: The DIM Hypothesis Course Information Objectivist
    Conferences OCON Home DIM Hypothesis
    Course Information An Invitation Course Overview Course Outline Leonard Peikoff's Bio ... Register

    Please note : The live sessions of Dr. Peikoff's course ended on June 3, 2004. Registration is closed. The course is available for purchase from the Ayn Rand Bookstore . The references on this site to the live sessions are for informational purposes only.] An Invitation We invite you to join us for a path-breaking new course by Dr. Leonard Peikoff, "The DIM Hypothesis: The Epistemological Mechanics by which Philosophy Shapes Society." This 15-session course will be presented live to a worldwide audience by phone and on the Internet. So, no matter where you live, you can take part!
    The course is based on Dr. Peikoff's book-in-progress, The DIM Hypothesis, in which he looks at the role of integration in the culture and in practical life. As Dr. Peikoff recently explained: "my thesis is that the dominant trends in every key area can be defined by their leaders' policy toward integration: they are against it (Disintegration, D); they are for it, if it conforms to reality (Integration, I); they are for it, regardless of its relation to reality (Misintegration, M)." In his new course, Dr. Peikoff discusses the nature of integration and its importance to human cognition, and he applies his hypothesis to diverse fields, ranging from parenting and physics to law and literature.
    We hope that you will take advantage of this rare opportunity to attend a course by Dr. Peikoff, the foremost authority on Ayn Rand's philosophy.

    73. MF Bliki: CheaperTalentHypothesis
    The cheaper talent hypothesis is that the cost premium is indeed less, There are some notable consequences to the the cheaper talent hypothesis.
    http://martinfowler.com/bliki/CheaperTalentHypothesis.html
    Home Blog Articles Books ... design 8 February 2008 Reactions One of the commonly accepted beliefs in the software world is that talented programmers are more productive. Since we CannotMeasureProductivity this is a belief that cannot be proven, but it seems reasonable. After all just about every human endeavor shows some people better than others, often markedly so. It's also commonly observed by programmers themselves, although it always seems to be remarked on by those who consider themselves to be in the better talented category. Naturally better programmers cost more, either as full-time hires or in contracting. But the interesting question is, despite this, are more expensive programmers actually cheaper? On the face of it, this seems a silly question. How can a more expensive resource end up being cheaper? The trick, as it is so often, is to think about the broader picture of cost and value. Although the technorati generally agree that talented programmers are more productive than the average, the impossibility of measurement means they cannot come up with an actual figure. So let's invent one for argument sake: 2. If you can find a factor-2 talented programmer for less than twice of the salary of an average programmer - then that programmer ends up being cheaper. To state this more generally: If the cost premium for a more productive developer is less than the higher productivity of that developer, then it's cheaper to hire the more expensive developer.

    74. ZSFA -- The C2I2 Hypothesis
    I call this “The C2I2 hypothesis” since it’s not a theory yet, never will be a theory, is based mostly on my thoughts on the subject, and you should
    http://www.zedshaw.com/essays/c2i2_hypothesis.html
    Latest News Well it was a busy day for me in Python land: Idiopidae Update: 2008-03-17 @ 5:30PM Other people who work with me are looking as well. If you have RoR, C#, or Java positions, preferably stable positions let me know. Might even need to help some non-technical folks with manager experience too. Again, email me if you have anything.
    The Hypothesis
    Customers,Collaborators;Implementations,Inventions
    NOTE : This is a DRAFT of the essay. Feedback is more than welcome. After talking with some of my friends all working for small companies I worked out a simple method to give you a quick idea whether a project is even worth attempting. This method is based on a simple revelation about how clients and projects can be divided generally into Customer,Collaborator;Implementation,Invention The core of the idea is very simply laid out into five statements:
  • Clients can be either Customers or Collaborators. Projects can be either Implementations or Inventions. Collaborators expect to help build Inventions and want to help you feed the pork into the grinder.
  • 75. Hypothesis On Time
    The aim of the following work is to suggest a new concept on the way of appreciating and measuring time.
    http://andrepierrejocelyn.ifrance.com/trad/
    To gain a better understanding of the site. Three times.
    Andre pierre jocelyn
    HYPOTHESIS ON TIME New hypothesis on time Structure of the site:
    A. Demonstration of the fact that the time is exponential in mechanics of the fluids. Details from the original text.
    B Demonstration on curves defined as impossible to represent arithmetically; generalization of exponential time in science. Example from biology.
    C Value of the demonstration: philosophy of the hypothesis.
    D. Logical development and relations between mathematics, physical or biological science and philosophy: to gain a better understanding of the site
    E Search of examples and definitions, other pages.
    F. Coherence: Paul Janet
    Before philosophy of the hypothesis
    Since the philosophy is the research of the first causes and the first principles; and since the first principle of any reasoning is the identity principle, more known under the name of "omne subjectum est proedicatum sui", the principle of the fact that an identity cannot vary in the reasoning; and since the zero still means nothing by definition. I do not think that the zero can have other meaning than nothing. In other words we cannot use the zero in a representation or analyzes physical modelling matter ; because even if this matter changed form through the filter of our perception, nothing enables us to say that it does not exist any more. I think that to believe it or write it using the zero is an error. Andre p.j.
    I propose to approach the analysis of the systems using a state of order. In other words, to observe the state of the matter between two forms, or in other words to take a reference which would be the final state, and a source which would be the most disordered state or initial state, having for value "1". In this scale we can find all the states of order, (according to the subject, analyzed characteristic), the shapes or combinations of the matter. Andre p.j.

    76. The Vapor Canopy Hypothesis Holds No Water
    An examination of some of the problems surrounding the vapor/water canopy hypothesis. Jehovah s Witnesses and a number of creationists have claimed that
    http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/canopy.html
    The Vapor Canopy Hypothesis Holds No Water
    Paul Farrar

    Bill Hyde
    The Vapor Canopy Hypothesis Holds No Water
    By Paul Farrar
    In this short and, I hope, simple note I will discuss the physical implications of the often proposed "vapor canopy" explanation for the source of water for Noah's Flood as recorded in "Genesis". Noah's Flood is alleged to have covered the mountains of the earth to a depth of 15 cubits (about 8m). To have covered Mt. Everest it would have required a depth of water of about 9km above sea level. If the flood was only required to cover the mountains in Urartu (Ararat), where Noah's boat is said to have settled, about 5km of water would be needed. The "vapor canopy hypothesis" states that before the flood, the water existed in the atmosphere as water vapor. The flood occurred when this vapor condensed and fell as rain, flooding the earth. The flood subsided later, various explanations being given for where all that water went. First, let us look at atmospheric pressure. For the earth's atmosphere, the pressure is almost exactly hydrostatic, since it is held to the earth by gravity and velocities are too low to significantly change the pressure. In plain language this means that the air pressure at any point is equal to the weight of the air in a unit area column above that point. At sea level, air pressure in US engineering units is about 14.5 pounds/sq inch because a column of air one inch square extending to the top of the atmosphere weighs (Guess what!?) 14.5 pounds. On top of Mt. Everest, the pressure is lower because the lowest and densest 9km of the atmosphere is below that point.

    77. Riemann Hypothesis In A Nutshell
    The function Z(t) is typically the object of study for locating zeros of the zeta function on the critical line and verifying the Riemann hypothesis.
    http://web.mala.bc.ca/pughg/RiemannZeta/RiemannZetaLong.html
    Glen's Home MUC Math MUC Home email me
    The Riemann Hypothesis in a Nutshell
    Jump to section: Z(t) Plotter Verifying RH More Applets
    The Riemann Zeta Function
    image source In his 1859 paper On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude , Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) examined the properties of the function for s a complex number. This function is analytic for real part of s greater than and is related to the prime numbers by the Euler Product Formula again defined for real part of s greater than one. This function extends to points with real part s less than or equal to one by the formula (among others)
    The contour here is meant to indicate a path which begins at positive infinity, descends parallel to and just above the real axis, circles the origin once in the counterclockwise direction, and then returns to positive infinity parallel to and just below the real axis. This function is analytic at all points of the complex plane except the point s = 1 where it has a simple pole. This last function is the Riemann Zeta Function ( the zeta function
    The Riemann Hypothesis
    The zeta function has no zeros in the region where the real part of s is greater than or equal to one. In the region with real part of

    78. Stem Cell 'Immortal Strand Hypothesis' Refuted
    Aug 31, 2007 How do adult stem cells protect themselves from accumulating genetic mutations that can lead to cancer? For more than three decades,
    http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070829143649.htm
    Science News
    Share Blog Cite Print Email Bookmark
    Stem Cell 'Immortal Strand Hypothesis' Refuted
    ScienceDaily (Aug. 31, 2007) See also: For more than three decades, many scientists have argued that the "immortal strand hypothesis" - which states that adult stem cells segregate their DNA in a non-random manner during cell division explains it. And several recent reports have presented evidence backing the idea. But in a recent issue of the journal Nature, University of Michigan stem cell researcher Sean Morrison and his colleagues deal a mortal blow to the immortal strand, at least as far as blood-forming stem cells are concerned. They labeled DNA in blood-forming mouse stem cells and painstakingly tracked its movement through a series of cell divisions. In the end, they found no evidence that the cells use the immortal-strand mechanism to minimize potentially harmful genetic mutations. "This immortal strand idea has been floating around for a long time without being tested in stem cells that could be definitively identified. This paper demonstrates that it is not a general property of all stem cells," said Morrison, director of the Center for Stem Cell Biology at the U-M Life Sciences Institute. It remains possible that stem cells in other tissues use this process.

    79. Scientific Laws, Hypotheses, And Theories - The Scientific Method
    Theory A theory is more like a scientific law than a hypothesis. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis.
    http://wilstar.com/theories.htm
    Scientific Laws, Hypotheses, and Theories
    Lay people often misinterpret the language used by scientists. And for that reason, they sometimes draw the wrong conclusions as to what the scientific terms mean. Three such terms that are often used interchangeably are "scientific law," "hypothesis," and "theory." In layman’s terms, if something is said to be “just a theory,” it usually means that it is a mere guess, or is unproved. It might even lack credibility. But in scientific terms, a theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. Here is what each of these terms means to a scientist: Scientific Law: This is a statement of fact meant to explain, in concise terms, an action or set of actions. It is generally accepted to be true and univseral, and can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. Scientific laws are similar to mathematical postulates. They don’t really need any complex external proofs; they are accepted at face value based upon the fact that they have always been observed to be true. Specifically, scientific laws must be simple, true, universal, and absolute. They represent the cornerstone of scientific discovery, because if a law ever did not apply, then all science based upon that law would collapse.

    80. The Synergism Hypothesis
    Hypercycles A major hypothesis about prebiotic evolution, the hypercycle model envisions a cyclical, mutuallyreinforcing catalytic process among
    http://www.complexsystems.org/publications/synhypo.html
    About the Director Abstracts Publications Commentaries Book Review Essays Major Books Synergism Hypothesis Nature's Magic Holistic Darwinism The Synergism Hypothesis
    On the Concept of Synergy and It's Role in the Evolution of Complex Systems Peter A. Corning, Ph.D.
    Institute for the Study of Complex Systems
    119 Bryant Street, Suite 212
    Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA
    Phone: (650) 325-5717
    Fax: (650) 325-3775
    Email: pacorning@complexsystems.org
    JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMS
    "Generalizations derived from a juxtaposition of facts are not fruitful unless some conceptual, theoretical scheme guided the generalizations and, incidentally, the selection of facts..." Anatol Rapoport "Experiments unguided by an appropriate theoretical framework usually amount to little more than ‘watching the pot boil'... We need experiments to inform theory, but without theory all is lost." John H. Holland
    INTRODUCTION It is one of the paradoxes of our age that as the tools of scientific research have grown ever more powerful from positron emission tomography to electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and massively parallel computers the phenomena we are able to investigate (and their causal dynamics) seem to grow ever more complex. The relentless reductionism of particle physics, polymer chemistry, molecular biology and neurobiology, among other disciplines, has not (so far) revealed the decisive "mechanisms" or underlying "laws" of the phenomenal world. Instead, the "microcosmos" (to borrow Lynn Margulis's term) displays profound complexity, interactionism, interrelatedness and, not least, historical specificity.

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